What is periodicity?

Periodicity refers to trends or recurring variations in

element properties with increasing atomic number.
Periodicity is caused by regular and predictable variations
in element atomic structure.
The periodic properties are:

1.Ionization energy - energy required to remove an electron

from an ion or gaseous atom

2.Atomic radius - half the distance between the centers of two

atoms that are touching each other

3.Electronegativity - measure of the ability of an atom to form a

chemical bond

4.Electron affinity - ability of an atom to accept an electron

Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the tendency for an atom to attract
electrons to itself when it is chemically combined with
another.
As you go down a group the electronegativity decreases because
The further down a group, the farther the electron is away from the
nucleus, thus, more willing to share.
As you move across a period, electronegativity generally increases
from left to right because..
At the right end are the nonmetals. They want more electrons..
 Electronegativity is related to ionization energy.
Electrons with low ionization energies have low
electronegativities because their nuclei do not exert a
strong attractive force on electrons. Elements with high
ionization energies have high electronegativities due to
the strong pull exerted on electrons by the nucleus.
 Electron Affinity
electron affinity describes the ability of an atom to
accept an electron.
Electron affinity increases from left to right within a
period. This is caused by the decrease in atomic radius.
Electron affinity decreases from top to bottom within a
group. This is caused by the increase in atomic radius.
Atomic Radius
Going down a group the atomic radius increases because
each atom has another energy level, so the atoms get
bigger.
Going from left to right across a period, the size gets
smaller. Elements have same energy levels but, there is
more nuclear charge so outermost electrons are pulled
closer.
 Ionization Energy

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove outer electron

from an atom in its gaseous state.

The energy required to remove the first electron from the outer
shell is called the first ionization energy.
The second ionization energy is the energy required to remove
the second electron.
Always greater than first IE.

The third IE is the energy required to remove a third electron.

Greater than 1st or 2nd IE.
As you go down a group, the ionization energy decreases
because...

1. The electron is further away from the attraction of the

nucleus, and and thus easier to remove the outermost one.

2. There is more shielding.

Going across a period, ionisation energy generally increases from
left to right because..

1. The atomic radius decreases, that is, the atom is smaller. The
outer electrons are closer to the nucleus and more strongly
attracted to the centre. Therefore, it becomes more difficult
to remove the outermost electron.