Chapter 1

Data Communications
and
NM Overview
 Outline

Analogy of telephone network

Data and telecommunication network
Distributed computing environment
Internet
Protocols and standards
IT management
Network and system management
Current status and future of network management
 Telephone Network
Characteristics:
Reliable - does what is expected of it
Dependable - always there when you need
it (remember 911?)
Good quality (connection) - hearing each
other well
Reasons:
Good planning, design, and implementation
Good operation and management of
network
 Telephone Network Model
To other
Regional centers
Sectional centers
Regional Center Regional Center Primary centers
Class 1 switch Class 1 switch Toll centers
End offices

To other
Sectional Center Sectional Center Primary centers
Class 2 switch Class 2 switch Toll centers
End offices

Primary Center Primary Center To other

Class 3 switch Class 3 switch Class 4 toll points
End offices

Toll Center Toll Center

Class 4 switch Class 4 switch

End Office End Office

Class 5 switch Class 5 switch
Legend:
Loop
Direct Trunk
Toll-Connecting Trunk
Toll Trunk
V oice V oice

Figure 1.1 Telephone Network Model

 Operations Systems / NOC
Monitor telephone network parameters
S/N ratio, transmission loss, call blockage, etc.
Real-time management of network
Trunk (logical entity between switches) maintenance
system measures loss and S/N. Trunks not meeting
QoS are removed before customer notices poor
quality
Traffic measurement systems measure call blockage.
Additional switch planned to keep the call blockage
below acceptable level
Operations systems are distributed at central offices
Network management done centrally from Network
Operations Center (NOC)
Data and Telecommunication Network

Data communication network

Terminal Terminal
Host

Modem Modem Modem

Loop Loop Loop

Voice
Voice

Telecommunication network

Figure 1.3 Data and Telecommunication Networks

IBM SNA Architecture

Workstation Workstation

Cluster Cluster
controller controller

Communications
Communications
controller
controller

Mainframe

Figure 1.5 IBM Systems Network Architecture Model

DCE with LAN
DCE.. Distributed Computing Environment

Workstation Host Workstation

Ethernet

Workstation
Host

(a) Hosts and Workstations on Local LAN

LAN-WAN Network

LAN A LAN B

Bridge / Bridge /
Router Router

Bridge /
Router

LAN C

WAN
communication link
Client/Server Model

Request

Control
transf er

Client Server
Control
transf er

Response

Figure 1.7 Simple Client-Server Model

Client/Server Examples
Server
(a) Server with Multiple Clients

Client
(joe.stone)
Client A Client Z

to sally.jones@dest.com

Bridge

Domain
Mail server Name
Server Server
(a) Server with Multiple Clients
(b) Dual Role of Client-Server

Client
(joe.stone) Figure 1.8 Client-Server in Distributed Computing Environment

to sally.jones@dest.com

Bridge
 TCP/IP Based Networks
TCP/IP is a suite of protocols
Internet is based on TCP/IP
IP is Internet protocol at the network layer level
TCP is connection-oriented transport protocol
and ensures end-to-end connection
UDP is connectionless transport protocol and
provides datagram service
Internet e-mail and much of the network mgmt.
messages are based on UDP/IP
ICMP part of TCP/IP suite
 Workstation
Mail Server

Internet (Joe)
Workstation

Configuration LAN A LAN B

Bridge / Bridge /
Router Router
Domain
Name Bridge /
Server Router

LAN C

Gateway

WAN

Gateway

LAN X

Bridge /
Router
Bridge /
Bridge / Router
Router

LAN Y LAN Z

Workstation

PC (Sally) Mail Server

 Architecture, Protocols and Standards
Communication architecture
Modeling of communication systems, comprising
functional components and
operations interfaces between them
Communication protocols
Operational procedures
intra- and inter-modules
Communication standards
Agreement between manufacturers on protocols
of communication equipment on
physical characteristics and
operational procedures
Communication Architecture
User A User Z
Peer-Protocol Interface

Application Layers Application Layers

Transport Layers Transport Layers

Physical Medium

(a) Direct Communication between End Systems

System A Intermediate system System Z

User A User Z
Peer-Protocol Interface

Application Layers Application Layers

Transport Layer
Transport Layers Transport Layers
Conversion

Physical Medium Physical Medium

(b) Communication between End Systems via an Intermediate System

OSI Reference Model
User / Application program

Layer 7 Application

Layer 6 Presentation

Layer 5 Session

Layer 4 Transport

Layer 3 Network

Layer 2 Data link

Layer 1 Physical

Physical medium
 Layer Layer Name Salient services provided by the layer
No.
1 Physical -Transfers to and gathers from the physical medium raw
OSI Layers and Services bit data
-Handles physical and electrical interfaces to the
transmission medium
2 Data link -Consists of two sublayers: Logical link control (LLC) and
Media access control (MAC)
-LLC: Formats the data to go on the medium; performs
error control and flow control
-MAC: Controls data transfer to and from LAN; resolves
conflicts with other data on LAN
3 Network Forms the switching / routing layer of the network
4 Transport -Multiplexing and de-multiplexing of messages from
applications
-Acts as a transparent layer to applications and thus
isolates them from the transport system layers
-Makes and breaks connections for connection-oriented
communications
-Flow control of data in both directions
5 Session -Establishes and clears sessions for applications, and
thus minimizes loss of data during large data exchange
6 Presentation -Provides a set of standard protocols so that the display
would be transparent to syntax of the application
-Data encryption and decryption
7 Application -Provides application specific protocols for each specific
application and each specific transport protocol system
 PDU Communication Model
End System A End System Z

User A UD User Z

Application (A) PCI UD Application

Presentation (P) PCI (A) PDU Presentation

Session (S) PCI (P) PDU Session

Transport (T) PCI (S) PDU Transport

Network (N) PCI (T) PDU Network

Data link (D) PCI (N) PDU Data link

Physical Physical
(D)PDU Data stream

Physical Medium

PDU: Protocol Data Unit PDU = PCI + UD

PCI: Protocol Control Information
Figure 1.14 PDU Communication Model between End Systems
UDn = PDUn+1
UD: User Data
 DTE-A A N Z

Gateway DTE-N1 N1 N2

A-N-Z Standard Network

N-N1-N2-N3 Subnetwork under Node N
N3
DTE :
Data Terminating Equipment (a) Network configuration

System A Gateway System N Subnet system N1

T Transport Transport Transport

SNICP SNICP SNICP

SNDCP SNDCP
N SNDCP-SN SNDCP-SN

SNDAP SNDAP SNDAP-SN SNDAP-SN

D Data link Data link Data link-SN Data link-SN

P Physical Physical Physical-SN Physical-SN

Network Medium Subnetwork Medium

(b) Protocol Communication
 SNA, OSI, and Internet
SNA OSI INTERNET

End User Application Application

Presentation Services Presentation Application Specific

Protocols

Data Flow Control Session

Transmission Control Transport

Transport Connection- Connection-
less: UDP oriented: TCP

SNICP
Network
IP
Path Control Network SNDCP

SNDAP

Data Link Data Link

Not Specified
Physical Physical
Application Protocols
NM Case Histories
Repeater Repeater Repeater Repeater

Bridge

ISP

Backup ServerMail Server

(a) Multi-Segment Bus LAN with Single Port Bridge Connection

Repeater Repeater Repeater Repeater

Bridge

ISP

Backup ServerMail Server

(b) Dual Multi-Segment Bus LANs with Two-port Bridge Connection

Backup Server Mail Server

Hub Hub Hub

Bridge

ISP
(c) Multi-Segment Hub Configuration
Common Network Problems

Loss of connectivity (Link, Node, Interface)

Duplicate IP address (Procedural)
Intermittent problems
Network configuration issues
Non-problems
Performance problems
 Challenges of IT Managers

Reliability
Non-real time problems
Rapid technological advance
Managing client/server environment
Scalability
Troubleshooting tools and systems
Trouble prediction
Standardization of operations - NMS helps
Centralized management vs sneaker-net

Please refer to Sec. 1.7 for more details

 Network Management (NM)
Definition
OAM&P of Network and Services
OAM&P: Operations, Administration,
maintenance, and Provisioning)
Goal
To ensure that the users of a network receive
the IT services with the quality of service
(QoS) that they expect.
Top-down View of NM functions
Network
Management

Network Network Network

Provisioning Operations Maintenance

Planning Fault Management / Service Restoration Fault Management

Design Configuration Management Trouble Ticket

Administration
Performance Management / Traffic Management
Network Installation
Security Management
Network Repairs
Accounting Management
Facilities Installation
Reports Management & Maintenance
Routine Network
Inventory Management Tests

Data Gathering & Analyses

Figure 1.21 Network Management Functional Groupings

 TT
Trouble Ticket
NM Functional Flow Chart
Network NOC: Network Operation
Center
Users
I&M: Installation &
Maintenance

Management Configuration Data

Decision

TT Restoration
New Performance & Traffic Data
Technology

Engineering Group Operations Group I & M Group

NOC
- Network Planning & -Network Installation &
Design - Network Operations Maintenance

Fault TT

Installation

(Management Functional
Areas, MFAs)
(Fault Management)

(Configuration Management)

(Security Management)

(Performance Management)

(Accounting Management)

ITU-T X.700
 (Fault Management)
Fault Management (FM)
Detection of a problem, fault isolation

and correction to normal operation.

FM involves the following steps:
Discover the problem.

Isolate the problem

Fix the problem (if possible)

Use of Trouble-Ticket Systems


Maintain and examine error logs
Accept and act upon error detection
notifications
Trace and identify faults
Carry out sequences of diagnostic tests
Correct faults

PC UNIX

User DNS ...

FDDI
....

RMON
Device

Firewall
/ Router ....
UNIX ....
... PC
Mail WWW
Internet Server Server UNIX PC
FM
 (Configuration Management)
Configuration Management (CM)
The process of finding and setting up
(configuring) network devices.

CM identifies, exercises control over,

collects data from, and provides data to
networked systems.

Set the parameters that control the routine
operation of the networked system.
Associate names with managed objects and
sets of managed objects.
Initialize and close down managed objects.
Collect information on demand about the
current condition of the networked system.
Obtain announcements of significant changes
in the condition of the networked system.
Change the configuration of the networked
system.
CM : Auto Discovery
CM : (CHTNet)
 (Security Management)

Security Management (SM)

The process of controlling access to
information on the networked system.

The creation, deletion, and control of security
services and mechanisms.
The distribution of security-relevant information.
The reporting of security-relevant events.
 (Performance Management)
Performance Management (PM)
Measuring the performance of network
hardware, software, and media.

Overall throughput
Percentage utilization
Error rate
Response time

Gather statistical information.
Maintain and examine logs of system
state histories.
Determine system performance under
natural and artificial conditions.
Alter system modes of operation for the
purpose of conducting PM activities.
PM

 (Accounting Management)
Accounting Management (AM)
Tracking each individual and group user's
utilization of network resources to better
ensure that users have sufficient resources.
AM enables charges to be established for the
use of network resources, and the costs to
be identified for the use of those network
resources.

Inform users of costs incurred or
resources consumed.
Enable accounting limits to be set and
tariff schedules to be associated with the
use of resources.
Enable costs to be combined where
multiple resources are invoked to achieve
a given communication objective.
NM Components
NMS

Network Network
Agent Agent

Network Network
Objects Objects

Figure 1.24 Network Management Components

 Interoperability
NMS Messages NMS
Vendor A Services & Protocols Vendor B

Network Network Network Network

Agent Agent Agent Agent

Network Network Network Network

Objects Objects Objects Objects
 Interoperability (cont.)

Application
Services
Objects Objects

Management
Vendor A Vendor B
Protocol

Objects Objects
Transport
Protocols

(b)Services & Protocols

Services and Protocols

Figure 1.23 Network Management Dumbbell Architecture

 Network Management Model
Management Network
Station Element
Management Operation R
MA Response MO
Event
Manager Agent
Communication Communication
Protocols Protocols

Network

Legend
MA: Manager Applications R: Real Resource
MO: Managed Objects

(Manager)
(Agent)
(Network Management
Protocol)
(Network Management
Information)

(Manager)
(Monitor)(Control)

(Agent)









Internet
SNMP (Simple Network Management)
OSI
CMIS/P (Common Management Information Service / Protocol)

(Managed Object, MO)

MO

ATM

(Management Information
Base)
MIB
 Status and Future Trends
Status:
SNMP management
Limited CMIP management
Operations systems
Polled systems
Future trends:
Object-oriented approach
Service and policy management
Business management
Web-based management

(Management Pyramid)

Business Management

Customer Management

Service Management

Distributed System Management

Network Management

Element Management
 Functional Areas
Network Types Configuration

IN Performance Stages
VPN Accounting
Corporate Network Change
Fault
WAN
Operation
MAN Accounting
LAN Installation

? Planning
Network Management Data
System Management
Voice
Applications Management
Video
Service Management
Eneterprise Management Multimedia

Disciplines Information Types


network
PC UNIX

NM ...
FDDI
....

Polling
RMON
Device Notification

Firewall
/ Router ....
UNIX ....
... PC

Internet UNIX PC
 ()
Polling ()


5~15
Notification ()

(Event Report)