Practical Biochemistry GDN202

URINE ANALYSIS
ILO: By the end of this topic, the student will be
able to: Perform specific physical and chemical tests
on urine samples to detect abnormal constituents,
and report it in a complete form.
2
Outlines

Physical
Urine formation examination of
urine

Chemical Chemical tests to

examination of identify abnormal
urine constituents
Chemical examination of urine
 Normal & Abnormal Constituents of Human Urine

Normal constituents of human urine Abormal constituents of human urine

Water Glucose

Urea Acetone

Uric acid Proteins

Creatinine Blood
Phosphates Bile
Sulfates

Chlorides
 Abnormal Cases of human urine

Proteinuria. Presence of Proteins

Hematuria or
Hemoglobinuria. Presence of Blood

Glucosuria. Presence of Glucose

Ketonuria.
Presence of Acetone

Presence of Bile
Salts
Proteinuria

Excretion of more than

150 mg protein is in the
urine daily
CLASSIFCATION OF
PROTEINURIA

Physiological

Pathological
Physiological causes of proteinuria

Prolonged
standing

Fever Dehydration

Intense Physiological Emotional

exercise proteinuria stress.
Classification of pathological
Proteinuria
Pre renal:
intravascular
hemolysis

Renal

Postrnal
Renal proteinuria

Diabetic
Glomerulonephritis.
nephropathy.

Nephrotic
syndrome.
Post-renal proteinuria

inflammation
or
Hemorrhage malignancy
in the
urinary tract
Glucosuria:

Presence of detectable
amount of glucose in urine
(more than 30 mg/dl).
Causes of Glucosuria:

Uncontrolled DM: The

concentration of glucose in the
plasma exceeds the renal threshold
(180 mg/dl).

Renal glucosuria: Normal plasma

glucose concentration with
decreased renal threshold
(gestational diabetes) or due to
proximal tubular malfunction .
Ketonuria
Presence of ketones "Acetone,
acetoacetic acid and
- Hydroxybutyric acid" in
urine
 Prolonged
vomiting.
Diabetic
Starvation. ketoacidosis.

ketonuria
Hematuria

Presence of
detectable amount of
blood in urine
Hematuria cases

Acute and chronic Bleeding disorders

cystitis
glomerulonephritis. (hemophilia).

Tumors renal trauma renal calculi

Hemoglobinuria:
Presence of hemolysed blood
in urine; intravascular
hemolysis
Bile in urine

Bile
salt(abnormal ) Bile pigment
(normal
Causes of bile salt in urine

intrahepatic
extrahepatic
(tumors) or
(stone)
hepatitis.

Obstruction
of bile duct:
How to detect abnormal
chemical constituents by
Chemical tests ?
 Glucosuria
Fehlings Test

Redish brown ppt

indicating the
2 ml of urine Heat on presence of
1 ml of Fehling A+ sample bunsen
1ml Fehling B reducing sugar
flame
reagent GLUCOSE
 Ketonuria
Rotheras test

Ammonium . 2 drops
sulfate . Sodium
powder nitroprusside Violet color
.
appears
Till . + 1ml ammonia
in the presence
saturation .
of Ketone
.
bodies
.
3 ml of sample
 Proteinuria

Biuret test

Violet color appears

in the presence of
Protein
ALBUMIN

2 ml of sample
2 ml Biuret
reagent
 Hematuria

Ortho-
toluidine test

1m ortho-toluidine
+
1ml H2O2 Green color
appears
in the
presence of
BLOOD

2 ml of sample
 Bile salts

Hays
sulfur test

Sulfur powder

Sinking of sulfur
in the presence of
BILE

3 ml of sample
Complete urine report
Sample number ..
Physical Examination:
Volume .. * Color.

Sediments * Odor

Aspect.. *Reaction
Chemical examination:

Test Observation Result

 Urine Report
Test Observation Result

Red to brown
Fehlings test Glucosuria
precipitate

Rotheras test Violet color ketonuria

Proteinuria
Biuret Violet color
(Albuminuria)

Ortho-toluedene Green color turns black Hematuria

Hays sulfur Sinking of sulfur Bile salt in urine

 Q1 :In a positive Fehling's
test:
A)Copper ions are oxidized
B)Aldehydes are reduced
C)Cu1+ is precipitated as an
oxide
D)A red precipitate
becomes a blue solution
E)None of these
Q2 :How can you tell if your patient
has diabetes insipidus?
A)very dilute urine
B)extreme thirst
C)decrease in ADH
D)all the above
Q3:Oliguria can occur in

A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Diuretics
D. Dehydration