1.2 Hydraulic Principles

Basic Hydraulic Principles.
Identify Major Hydraulic Components
Section 1.2
Element 1.2 Hydraulic Fundamentals

Pascal's Law
1. The pressure exerted by fluid on the wall of a

containing vessel is at right angles to the surface.
2. Pressure exerted by liquid at any point is equal in all
directions
1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

Pascal's Law.
3. Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted

undiminished throughout the confined vessel of system

Pascal's Law.
P = Pressure. Kg/cm2
F
F = Force. Kgs P=
A
A= Area cm2
or
F= P X A
P A
Pascal's Law.
100 kgs
1000 kgs
10 cm2 100 cm2
F 100 kgs
P= = 10 Kg/cm2
A 10 cm2
F=PXA 10 Kg/cm2 X 100 cm2 = 1000 kgs

Pressure & Flow.
Pressure: pushes and exerts force or torque.
1000 Kgs.
Big Load
High Pressure
Low flow.

Pressure & Flow.
Flow: Makes things move.
No Load
Low Pressure.
High flow.

Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Graphic Symbols are used in place of actual component
drawings because they are easier to read and quick to draw.
The symbols are of a standard recognised worldwide

Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Lines Pumps and Motors
Flow Control Reservoirs

Major Hydraulic Components

Graphic Symbols.

Graphic Symbols.
1.
Name the Symbols?
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Graphic Symbols.
Name the Symbols? 1. Fixed Orifice.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Graphic Symbols.
1. Fixed Orifice.
Name the Symbols?
2. Tandem Pump.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Graphic Symbols.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Graphic Symbols.
1. Fixed Orifice.
Name the Symbols?
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Graphic Symbols.
1. Fixed Orifice.
Name the Symbols?
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Graphic Symbols.
1. Fixed Orifice.
Name the Symbols?
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Graphic Symbols.
1. Fixed Orifice.
Name the Symbols?
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7. Spring.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Graphic Symbols.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7. Spring.
8. Line to reservoir.
(Line below oil level)
9.
10.
11.
12.

Graphic Symbols.
1. Fixed Orifice.
Name the Symbols?
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7. Spring.
9. Check Valve.
10.
11.
12.

Graphic Symbols.
1. Fixed Orifice.
Name the Symbols?
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7. Spring.
9. Check Valve.
10. Lines cross.
11.
12.

Graphic Symbols.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7. Spring.
9. Check Valve.
10. Lines cross.
11. Relief Valve.
12.

Graphic Symbols.
2. Tandem Pump.
3. Variable
displacement pump
4. Oil Cooler.
5. Filter.
6. Double Acting
Actuator.
7. Spring.
9. Check Valve.
10. Lines cross.
11. Relief Valve.
12. Pick up Screen in
pressurised tank.

Graphic Symbols.
Hydraulic Circuit Diagram

Diagrams can be complex and
difficult to understand.
By breaking the circuit into
individual components may
allow for easier
understanding.

Graphic Symbols.
1. Hydraulic reservoir.
Tank has a breather and is not
pressurised.
Pick up pipe is at the bottom
of the tank.

Graphic Symbols.
2. Engine and Hydraulic Pump.
Arrow on drive shaft indicates
direction of rotation.
Single fixed displacement
pump.

Graphic Symbols.
3. Filter element with bypass
valve.
Bypass Valve opens when
filter is blocked or oil is too
cold.

Graphic Symbols.
valve.
4. Pressure Regulating Valve.
When the oil pressure exceeds
the set value, the pressure
regulating valve will open up
returning oil to tank.
4

Graphic Symbols.
valve.
5. Control Valve, hand actuated
5
This is an OLSS valve.
Control valve has three
positions: Hold.
Tilt.
Dump.
The check valve is to stop work
equipment from dropping
when the spool is just
opening.
Graphic Symbols.
3. Filter element with bypass valve.
6 4. Pressure Regulating Valve.
6. Safety Suction Valve.
This valve is a combination of a
Pressure Regulating Valve and
Suction Valve.
Pressure Regulating Valve will
release positive pressure back
to tank.
Suction Valve allows oil to enter
the circuit from the tank when a
negative pressure is present.
Graphic Symbols.
7 5. Control Valve, hand actuated
7. Actuator, Double acting cylinder.
Other actuators are:
Motors.
Single acting cylinder

Graphic Symbols.
8
8. Control Valve, hand actuated.
This control valve has four
positions: Raise.
Hold.
Lower.
Float.

Graphic Symbols.
8
8. Control Valve, hand actuated.
This control valve has four
positions: Raise.
Hold.
Lower.
Float.

Units of Pressure.
One Atmosphere represents the

average atmospheric pressure at
sea level on earth.
One Atmosphere is equal to:
1.01 bar
1.033 Kg/cm2
14.7 PSI
760 mm of Mercury

Measuring Pressure
Absolute Gauge: measures the actual pressure of

the confined gas or liquid and includes the
atmospheric pressure.
Gauge Pressure: measures the actual pressure of
the confined gas or liquid only.
Manometer: for accurate measurement of low

pressure, pressure is expressed in mm of mercury.

Actuators
Directional Control
Valve
Reservoir
Hydraulic Pump

RESERVOIR
LOWER
PRESSURE
ACTUATOR AREA PUMP
HIGH
PRESSURE
AREA
CONTROL

Hydraulic Reservoir
The Hydraulic Reservoir will
store sufficient hydraulic fluid
to ensure enough fluid is
available for the hydraulic
system.
The reservoir will allow
contaminates to settle on the
bottom and dissipate heat.

Hydraulic Pump.
The hydraulic pump is the heart of the machine.
The function of the pump is to supply the hydraulic system with
sufficient flow to enable the circuits to operate at the correct speed.
There are three types or pumps.
Gear Pump.

Piston Type.
Variable Displacement
Fixed Displacement
Vane Pumps

Directional Control Valve

Directs the hydraulic flow of oil in the
hydraulic system.
Open Closed

Actuators
Convert hydraulic energy (from the pump) into mechanical energy to
produce force and motion.
Actuators can produce linear or rotary movement
Linear motion is produced by hydraulic cylinders

Rotary motion is produced using

hydraulic motors.
Hydraulic motors can turn on
direction only or in both
directions

Hydraulic Oil
The fluid in the hydraulic system is the

component that is used to transfer the flow of
energy generated be the pump.
The hydraulic fluid supplied to the actuators
convert the fluid energy to mechanical.

Hydraulic Oil
Properties of Hydraulic Fluids

Anti Wear-Additives
Hydraulic oil contains a selected number of additives to increase and
insure anti-wear capabilities.
Anti-Foaming
A liquid can not be compressed but air can, these anti-foaming additives
help the oil absorb the air so as not to effect the operation
Water Separation
Water vapour enters the system through the
reservoir. Oil moving around the system mixes with
the water and becomes whats known as an
emulsion.
This emulsion promotes rust, acids and forms
sludge. Additives are added to separate the water
from the oil.
Hydraulic Oil
Viscosity
Viscosity is a measurement of a fluid resistance
to flow, in other words the thickness of the oil.
Viscosity is important because if the oil is too
thin (Low Viscosity) it may leak past seals, joints
or pumps internal slippage. This will effect the
work equipment performance.
If the oil is too thick (High Viscosity) the work equipment will be sluggish and
require more power to push the oil around the system.
Viscosity Improver
Additives that help maintain the oils viscosity over a wider range of
temperatures

END OF
Hydraulic Principals and
Major Components

1.2 Hydraulic Principles

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1.2 Hydraulic Principles

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Basic Hydraulic Principles.

Identify Major Hydraulic Components

Element 1.2 Hydraulic Fundamentals

1. The pressure exerted by fluid on the wall of a

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

3. Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

10 cm2 100 cm2

F=PXA 10 Kg/cm2 X 100 cm2 = 1000 kgs

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

Hydraulic Lines Pumps and Motors

Flow Control Reservoirs

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

Hydraulic Circuit Diagram

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

Single acting cylinder

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

One Atmosphere represents the

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

Absolute Gauge: measures the actual pressure of

Manometer: for accurate measurement of low

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

Directional Control Valve

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

Linear motion is produced by hydraulic cylinders

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

Rotary motion is produced using

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

The fluid in the hydraulic system is the

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

Properties of Hydraulic Fluids

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

1.2 Hydraulic Principles & Components Hydraulic Fundamentals

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