The Next Semiconductor Revolution:

This Time Its Lighting!

Your Grandparents Your Parents Your

Vacuum Triode Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Fluorescent Tube

Triode vacuum tube. From Dictionary.com. How Fluorescent Lamps Work. http://home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp4.htm
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triode_vacuum_tube.png http://dictionary.reference.com/illus/illustration.html/ahd4/cathode-ray%20tube/cathry

Earth at Night (courtesy of NASA)

Jeff Tsao Physical, Chemical & Nano Sciences Center Sandia National Laboratories

Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 1/8
 Semiconductor Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
-
Ga N Ga N Ga N

N Ga N Ga N Ga

Ga N Si N Ga N
The periodic table, courtesy of BBS.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/patterns/periodictablerev1.shtml

N Ga N Ga N Ga

Ga N Ga N Si N

N Ga N Ga N Ga

Ga N Ga N Ga N

N Mg N Ga N Ga
Photons
Ga N Ga N Ga N

N Ga N Mg N Ga

Ga N Ga N Ga N

N Ga N Ga N Ga

+
Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 2/8
 200 Years of Lighting Technology

100 1 Fluorescent Tube

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leuchtstofflampen-
chtaube050409.jpg Solid-State
Efficiency

Lighting
Fluorescence Bridgelux Helieon Solid-State Lamp.
http://www.bridgelux.com/products/hel

AlInGaP ieon.html

100.1 InGaN
AlGaAs
Electric bulb from Neloux,
courtesy of KMJ.
Incandescence
Efficiency (%)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/w
iki/File:Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg

Carbon Tungsten
GaAsP:N
10.01 Filament Filament Color-Filtered
Incandescence
Gas Mantle
GaP:Zn,O
Fire
0.1
0.001 Gas
Kerosene
Oil Candle burning. GaAsP
http://en.wikipedia.org/wik
i/File:Candleburning.jpg SiC

0.01
0.0001
1850
1850 1900
1900 1950
1950 2000
2000 2050
2050
Year
Year

Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 3/8
 Light-Emitting Diodes
and Applications for Colored Light

Rear Combination Lamp (LumiLeds)

Microvision Pico Projector.

http://www.microvision.com/pico_projector_displays/application_gallery.html

LED Traffic Light, courtesy of

Syafiqshahalam.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi
le:LED_Traffic_Lights.jpg NASDAQs Giant Video Display in Times Square, New York (Jeff Tsao) Sharp QuadPixel RGBY LED-backlit LCD Display.
http://www.macworld.com/article/145541/2010/01/sharp_quadpixel.html

Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 4/8
 Light from the Sun and Moon:
Trilobites, Birds, Mammals, Primates, Humans

Full-disk view of the X-ray Sun and

was produced by the Yohkoh solar Full moon view from Earth in Belgium, Bridgelux Helieon Solid-State Lamp.
observatory in 1991. courtesy of Luc Viatour. http://www.bridgelux.com/products/hel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yohko http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Full_M ieon.html
himage.gif oon_Luc_Viatour.jpg

Gray wolf, canis lupus, courtesy of Chris Muiden. Olive baboon in Kenya; courtesy of Ryan Harvey;
Asaphus species (Trilobite) picture taken by DanielCD. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_265b.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male_Olive_Baboon_2.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asaphus_species_trilobite.jpg

A baby wearing many items of winter clothing: headband,

cap, fur-lined coat, shawl and sweater. Courtesy of
Andrew Vargas, Clovis, United States.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Well-clothed_baby.jpg

Red Lory (Eos bornea) upper body preening feathers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Lory_%28Eos_bornea%
29-6.jpg

Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 5/8
 Making White Light from Colored Light
Munsell
Samples
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9
1.0
1
and their 0.8 9
8
Relative Reflectance

spectral 6 7
0.5
0.5
3 1
reflectances 2
0.3 5
00.0 4
1 100%-Efficient SSL
400 500 600 700 800
Distribution (W/nm)

Wavelength (nm)
White Mixing
0.10.1
Spectral Power

459 535 573 614

Light source Optics
RYGB 16%-Efficient SSL
spectral power 0.01
0.01 LEDs Early-2010
distributions 0.001 White
0.001 RG
(Watts per nm) 440 538 615 Phosphor
0.0001
0.0001 Blue
LED

0.00001
750
Efficacy (lm/W)

750
400 500 600 700 800
Luminous

Human eye response 500 Wavelength (nm)

500
(lumens per Watt)
250
250

00
400 500 600 700 800
400 500 600 700 800
Wavelength
Wavelength (nm) (nm)
Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 6/8
 Solid-State Lighting
and Applications for White Light

Surefire U2 flashlight.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SurefireU2JPG.jpg

Canon PowerShot A95.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_PowerShot_A95_-_front_and_back.jpg

Joseph Wright (1768)

An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump http://imagearchive.psu.edu/albums/userpics/10003/IMG_5116091707_copy.jpg

Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 7/8
 How Fluorescent Lamps Work. http://home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp4.htm

Acknowledgements (colleagues):
Roland Haitz, Tom Brennan
Jerry Simmons, Mike Coltrin, Mary Crawford, and Sandias Solid-State-Lighting Science Team (http://ssls.sandia.gov/)
Acknowledgements (sponsors):
Work at Sandia National Laboratories was supported by Sandias Solid-State-Lighting Science Energy Frontier Research Center,
funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by
Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the U.S. Department of Energys National Security Administration under
Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 8/8