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 CONTROL GAS TURBINE POWER OUTPUT
IN CONJUCTION WITH GRID FREQUENCE

INTRODUCTION

GAS TURBINE LOAD COMMANDS

SPEED/LOAD CONTROL COMMANDS

GOVERNOR COMMANDS

FUEL STROKE REFERENCE

POWER PLANT PROBLEM AND THE SOLUTION

 INTRODUCTION
General Electric gas turbine MS9001FA uses MARKVI/e to control the
turbine from stand still to base load

From SS (0 rpm) to T.G(6 rpm) T.G motor

From T.G (6 rpm) to Purge(699 rpm) LCI system is ON

From Purge(699 rpm) to 400 rpm LCI system is OFF

From (400 rpm) to fire (435 rpm) LCI system is ON

From fire (435 rpm) to FSNL, SYNC(3000 rpm) LCI system is ON + FIRE
LCI system is OFF at 2730 rpm , acceleration control FSRACC

From SYNC(3000 rpm) to part load load control FSRN

At base load temp control FSRT

 INTRODUCTION

GAS TURBINE LOAD COMMANDS

 GAS TURBINE LOAD COMMANDS
SPINNING RESERVE
LOAD SELECTION
PRE SELECT LOAD
BASE LOAD
PEAK LOAD
 SPINNING RESERVE

In the absence of having selected either of the commands listed below

1. PRE SELECT
2. BASE
3. PEAK

If the gas turbine is started in AUTO with automatic synchronization selected at the
generator panel, the unit will automatically load to a point known as
SPINNING RESERVE

The unit will remain at SPINNING RESERVE until another load command is given or
until a RAISE or LOWER load command is given

SPINNING RESERVE is a site adjustable setting determined by control constant

LK90SPIN.
 PRESELECTED LOAD

When PRESELECTED LOAD is selected, the unit will automatically load or unload at
the automatic loading rate until the preselected load output is attained

The preselected load is a megawatt setting that is site adjustable by changing control
constant LK90PSEL

Once the preselected load level is attained, fuel flow will be controlled to maintain that
megawatt output until another load command is given or until a RAISE or LOWER load
command is given
 BASE LOAD

When BASE LOAD is selected, the unit will load (or unload from PEAK) at the normal
loading rate until the unit goes on exhaust temperature control

at this point, the unit is at its nominal rated power out-put for the ambient conditions

When the unit is on exhaust temperature control, fuel flow is regulated to provide the
maximum power for the ambient conditions without over firing the machine

It is important to note that as ambient conditions change, primarily compressor inlet

temperature, the unit's power output will change

Once at BASE LOAD, the unit will remain there until another load command is given or
a LOWER load command is given

After selecting BASE LOAD, the automatic loading or unloading of the unit may be
aborted by giving a RAISE or LOWER load command
 PEAK LOAD

PEAK LOAD is an option and, when selected, the unit will load at the normal loading
rate until the unit goes on peak exhaust temperature control
Similar to operation on BASE, as ambient conditions change, primarily compressor inlet
temperature, the unit's power output will change

When operating on PEAK, the unit is operating at a firing temperature above its design
limit

unit output is increased with a consequent reduction in the machine's maintenance

intervals
A rule of thumb is one hour of PEAK operation is equivalent to six hours of BASE
operation

Once at PEAK LOAD, the unit will remain there until another load command is given or
a LOWER load command is given

After selecting PEAK LOAD, the automatic loading or unloading of the unit may be
aborted by giving a RAISE or LOWER load command.
 INTRODUCTION

GAS TURBINE LOAD COMMANDS

SPEED/LOAD CONTROL COMMANDS
 SPEED/LOAD CONTROLCOMMANDS
SPEED/LOAD CONTROL
RAISE
L OWER
 RAISE SPEED/LOAD

When selected, a RAISE command will increment the turbine speed reference TNR

With the generator breaker open, selecting RAISE will increase the unit's speed

With the generator breaker closed and the unit on droop control, selecting RAISE will
increase the unit's load

Selecting RAISE is the manual means of increasing the unit's speed or load
 LOWER SPEED/LOAD

When selected, a LOWER command will decrement the turbine speed reference TNR

With the generator breaker open, selecting LOWER will de-crease the unit's speed

With the generator breaker closed and the unit on droop control, selecting LOWER will
decrease the unit's load

Selecting LOWER is the manual means of decreasing the unit's speed or load
 INTRODUCTION
GAS TURBINE LOAD COMMANDS

SPEED/LOAD CONTROL COMMANDS

GOVERNOR COMMANDS
 GOVERNOR
COMMANDS
GOVERNOR
DROOP
ISOCH
 ISOCHRONOUS GOVERNOR
Isochronous Speed Control is a form of governor control that is used when a gas turbine
is applied on an isolated system where its speed is not dictated by the system

The isochronous governor set point is fixed at 100% speed

the speed signal is compared with the speed reference signal and the error is fed
through a proportional and integral speed controller

As long as a difference between signals exists, the isochronous speed control algorithm
will continue to increase or decrease FSR until there is no error signal. This is a fast
acting system which continuously adjusts FSR to hold turbine speed constant in spite of
load changes
Only one unit can be under isochronous speed control at a time. Otherwise, the
separate integral actions will interact, leading to load swings between all units in the
isochronous mode.
 DROOP GOVERNOR

If the entire grid system tends to be overloaded, grid frequency (or speed) will decrease
and cause an FSR increase in proportion to the droop setting
A drop in electrical grid frequency indicates that the power generation capability is less
the load demand in the grid. and conversely
A droop governor response used to help maintain an electrical grid at constant
frequency.
Droop speed control is a proportional control, changing called for fuel flow (FSR) in
proportion to the difference between actual turbine speed and the speed reference
Any change in actual speed (grid frequency) will cause inversely proportional change in
unit load
If all units have the same droop, all will share a load increase equally

Load sharing and system stability are the main advantages of this method of speed
control

Standard GE droop is 4.0%

 Constant settable droop speed/load control

Constant settable droop speed/load control represent a method of formulating the gas
turbine response as a function of the unit power output.

This method of speed/load control is applied to units where the fuel stroke reference is
not predicable due to

1. varying fuel heating values

2. or where fuel is switched between different combustion system injection nozzles

Typical droop constant for

POWER STATION 1 =0.0146
POWER STATION OLD 2 = 0.0163
POWER STATION NEW 2= 0.01488
 Constant settable droop anti windup

Some protection is provided if P2 pressure begins to decrease

later the load will start to drop off and the speed error will respond by requesting
more fuel flow and the until SRV if fully open.

If
speed error tn_err > 0.7% + tnh > 99.5 % + L52GX = 1 for 5 sec

Thin a lower signal DWARTT TOO LOW TO SUPPORT TNR, TNR_LOWER is

given and break any base load or preselect load
 INTRODUCTION

GAS TURBINE LOAD COMMANDS

SPEED/LOAD CONTROL COMMANDS

GOVERNOR COMMANDS

FUEL STROKE REFERENCE

 FUEL STOKE REFERNCE FSR
(FSR) is determined by the turbine parameter (speed, temperature, and so
on) calling for the least fuel.
FSR calculation occurs in the main processor, then is transmitted to the
servo valve cards on the backplane of the control module.

The Stop/Speed Ratio valve (SRV) and the Gas Control Valve (GCV) work
in conjunction to regulate the total fuel flow delivered to the gas turbine.
The GCV controls the desired fuel flow in response to a control system fuel
command, Fuel Stroke Reference (FSR) from the SPEEDTRONIC panel.
The calledforspeed, TNR,
determines the load of the turbine. The range for generator drive turbines is
normally from 95% (min.) to 107% (max.) speed. The startup speed reference is
100.3% and is preset when a START signal is given.
Speed/Load Reference FSRN
The speed control software will change FSR in proportion to the difference between
the actual turbine generator speed (TNH) and the calledfor speed reference (TNR).

By closing the generator breaker and raising TNR via raise/lower, the error between
speed and reference is increased. This error is multiplied by again constant
FSRN is used at part load
Important Equations

DWATT * 0.0164 = DWDROOP

TNR DWDROOP = TNRL

TNHSYS = COMPLICATED
= TNH , FILTERED + RATE CONTROLLED
+ STEP ADDER + CURVE

ERROR = TNRL TNHSYS

THIS ERROR INDICATES CHANGE IN GRID FEQUENCY OR IN THE
OUTPUT POWER

FSRN = FSR + TN_ERR

TN_ERR = ERROR + DEADBAND

 DEADBAND = 0 OR 0.02

DEADBAND = TNKEDB
 INTRODUCTION

GAS TURBINE LOAD COMMANDS

SPEED/LOAD CONTROL COMMANDS

GOVERNOR COMMANDS

FUEL STROKE REFERENCE

POWER PLANT PROBLEM AND THE SOLUTION

 POWER PLANT PROBLEM
TNKEDB
AT TNKEDB = 0.02
There will be an error dead band between
TNRL which represent load (MW)and
TNHSYS which represent grid frequency
This will lead to variation in MW with frequency
within the 0.02 error dead band
TNKEDB = 0.02 AT
UNIT ONLINE = 1
MASTER PROTECTIVE SIGNAL = 1
LIMITED FREQUENCY SENSITIVE MODE
L83LFL_MODE = 0
 POWER PLANT SOLUTION
CHANGE THE VALUE OF

LIMITED FREQUENCY SENSITIVE MODE

L83LFL_MODE

FROM

0 1
Old mark VI has L83LFL_MODE bias at FSRT