Hydraulic Systems

Pascals Law
Used where large amount of force is required with precise movement

Pressure Applied to a fluid is equally transmitted in all directions

Hydraulic Fluid => Incompressible
Pressure P = Force / Area
P F1 / A1 P F2 / A2
As per pascals law, pressure is constant in both vessels.
F1 F2

A1 A2
Force can be increased to a very high level.
 Does it violates law of conservation of energy??

Power= Force x Velocity

Velocity is dependent on flow rate.

Flowrate, Q= A * L LVelocity

So Power = Force x Velocity = Q x P

No. Increase in force is at the cost of reduction in velocity.

Components of Hydraulic Systems
Hydraulic systems used for precise movement

Fluid: Liquid,
Hydraulic systems have several moving parts.
Fluid provides lubrication for them
Cools components
Cleanses the dust particles <Transport to filter>
Because of viscosity of oil, the gap b/w piston and cylinder is sealed.
Typically,
Petroleum Oil But combustible
(Rarely water +additives)
 Lines: - Conveys fluid and
dissipates heat
Working line
Piping from pump to load
Motor
Return lines Required. Pump
pilot
Drain

Pilot Lines Separate lines for control, not for

power
Motor -> Hydraulic Load
Drain lines To collect leakage fluid
Seals and Fittings

Some rubber tube. Under

Fluid - > Natural seat between cylinder and piston
pressure, it elongates and
seals both the ends.
Fittings -> For pipes

Pressure
 Reservoir

Removes small particles

Dissipates heat
Allows entrained air to escape
Bulk modulus of fluid varies drastically
with air bubbles
Cooling of fluid
Symbol
Functions of Reservoir

Baffle is used to retain the fluid particles for some time in the tank
Pump
Generator of hydraulic energy
Driven by electric motors or IC engines

Motor:
Hydraulic to Mechanical Energy
Moves load under pressure
 Piston Pump/Motor

Total flow rate depends on number of pistons, the number of

rotations per unit time and swash plate angle
Gear Pumps/Motors
Liquid is pressed So
High Pressure Region

Flow rate proportional to RPM

Low pressure region

Liquid is sucked
Vane Pumps
Balanced Vane Pumps
 Motors create rotational motion. In many case we need linear
displacement
Rotation to translational systems (rack and pinion arrangement) can
be used.
But linear displacement can be obtained directly in hydraulic systems
using Valves
Directional Valves
One way check valve
Two way valve
Four way valve

Flow in forward direction Flow in backward direction Stopped

Symbol
Two Way Valves
A B

P - Pump
T - Tank
A,B Loads

P T
Spool Actuated by solenoid

Hydraulic Actuated Spool

Pneumatic Actuated Spool

4 Way Valve
Pressure Relief Valve

Valve connected across a pipe line

Drain
Spring adjustment sets the relief pressure limit
Pilot operated Pressure Relief Valve
Flow Control Valve
Outlet

Inlet

Stem
Single Acting Cylinders
Double Acting Cylinders
Position and Servo Valves

Step less control of position, velocity, force etc.

Electro hydraulic Valves,
Driven accurately using current,

Used mainly in Avionics

Electric drive for high accuracy, flexibility and easy computing
Hydraulic for high power to weight ratio
Proportional Valves
Open loop
Partially closed loop
It is like a directional valve. Here we need smooth continuous motion
of spool
Create flow or pressure proportional to the motion of the spool
In turn it creates proportional force or speed in the actuator
 Architecture of proportional Valve

Control Voltage Current

Electronic Proportional Force /
Valve Hyraulic
Amplifier Solenoid Stroke

(Usually power
Increasing circuits) Flow/Pressure
Then voltage to
current converter Cylinder /
Electrical Motor

Machine
Proportional Solenoid
Force Controlled Proportional Valve

Force Current through solenoid

Control
Ref Solenoid
Amplifier

i1
Force With in this region the force is almost
i2 constant irrespective of stroke. So we
i3 can have good control of force using
current alone

Stroke
Proportional Solenoid
Stroke Controlled Proportional Valve

Control
Ref Spool
Amplifier

Position Feedback
Torque Motor Operation
Torque Motor Coil Arrangements

Spool Configurations
Very precise parts Rapid Response but
nonlinear flow
Straightness of 1 during null position
Gap between valve bore and spool around 3 5
Nitriding of Spool surfaces for glass like smooth finish

Overlapped Spool:
0.5 to 5 % wider than port length
Over lapping produces dead zone.
Preferred where Dither is used.
Dither is a low amplitude signal super
imposed on actual command signal to
reduce the effect of static friction
Very less leakage flow during Null
position
Single Stage Spool Type Solenoid Valve
 Servo Valves
Continuous Monitoring
Feedback Also called as
Correction Programmable Orifice
 Simple Servo Valve

Spool moved to the left

Load
Connected
Piston is retracted left
with the body
moves
Analysis of Feedback Arrangement
Connecting link

Z
X

=
+
X + Y
+_ +


W =
()
+1


Two Stage Spool Type Servo Valve
TWO STAGE JET TYPE SERVO VALVE