IC7900-U1T01-De Lull A Babbage

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad
Unidad 1 Tema 01: De Lull a Babbage
Historia cortesa de la IEEE

Robtica
Inteligencia computacional
Ciberntica
IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad 1

M.Sc. Gerardo Brenes Trejos
Robotics And Automation
Designing and implementing intelligent machines and systems which can do work too dirty,
too dangerous, too precise or too tedious for humans.
space exploration
human services and industries
manufacturing
medicine
defense
space and underwater exploration
service industries
disaster relief
manufacturing and assembly
entertainment
etc.
Automation includes the use of automated methods in various applications, for example,
factory, office, home, laboratory automation, or transportation systems to improve
performance and productivity.
Pushes the boundary on the level of intelligence and capability for many forms of
autonomous, semi-autonomous and teleoperated machines.
Robotics And Automation: History
One of the first robots was the clepsydra or water clock,
which was made in 250 B.C. It was created by Ctesibius of
Alexandria, a Greek physicist and inventor.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYOkQpiZNYg
The automata of Ancient Greece were intended as toys or
tools for demonstrating basic scientific principles, including
those built by Hero of Alexandria (sometimes known as
Heron). When his writings on hydraulics, pneumatics, and
mechanics were translated into Latin in the sixteenth
century, Heros readers initiated reconstruction of his
machines, which included siphons, a fire engine, a water
organ, and various steam-powered devices.
Al-Jazari is credited for the first recorded designs of a programmable automaton in
the 13th century as well as a set of humanoid automata.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZzY37BeORs
Villard de Honnecourt, in his 1230s sketchbook, show plans for animal automata and
an angel that perpetually turns to face the sun.
Leonardo da Vinci sketched a more complex automaton around the 1495.
The Renaissance witnessed a considerable revival of interest in automata.
Descartes when he suggested that the bodies of animals are nothing more than
complex machines
Seventeenth-century France was the birthplace of those ingenious mechanical toys
that were to become prototypes for the engines of the industrial revolution.
The period 1860 to 1910 is known as "The Golden Age of Automata". During this
period many small family based companies of Automata makers thrived in Paris.
The earliest remote control vehicles were built by Nikola Tesla in the
1890's. Tesla is best known as the inventor of AC electric power,
radio (before Marconi), induction motors, Tesla coils, and other
electrical devices.
Other early robots (1940's - 50's) were Grey Walter's "Elsie the
tortoise" ("Machina speculatrix") and the Johns Hopkins "beast.

"Shakey" was a small unstable box on wheels that used
memory and logical reasoning to solve problems and navigate
in its environment. It was developed by the Stanford Research
Institute (SRI) in Palo Alto, California in the 1960s.

The General Electric Walking Truck was a large (3,000 pounds) four
legged robot that could walk up to four miles a hour. The walking
truck was the first legged vehicle with a computer-brain,
developed by Ralph Moser at General Electric Corp. in the 1960s.

The first modern industrial robots were probably the "Unimates",
created by George Devol and Joe Engleberger in the 1950's and
60's. Engleberger started the first robotics company, called
"Unimation", and has been called the "father of robotics."

Chris von Alt, developer of Jason, the
underwater robot that gave the
world the first peek inside the Titanic

NGC Global Hawk


Computational Intelligence
Developing the theory, design, application, and
development of biologically and linguistically motivated
computational paradigms emphasizing
neural networks
connectionist systems
genetic algorithms
evolutionary programming
fuzzy systems
hybrid intelligent systems in which these paradigms are contained.

Computational Intelligence: History
The Antikythera mechanismis believed by many to be an ancient

mechanical analog computer (as opposed to most computers today which
are digital computers) designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was
discovered in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera,
between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to about 150-100 BC.

Possibly the first person in the history of formal logic to use a mechanical device to generate (so-called) logical
proofs was the Spanish theologian Ramon Lull (1274)
William of Ockham (1285-1349) discovered the foundations for what were to become known as DeMorgan
Transformations, which were described by Augustus DeMorgan some 500 years later.
The first mechanical calculator may have been conceived by Leonardo da Vinci almost one hundred and fifty
years earlier than Pascal's machine (1500)
The first real logic machine, called the Stanhope Demonstrator, was invented in the early 1800s by the British
scientist and statesman Charles Stanhope.
In 1822, Babbage proposed building a machine called the Difference Engine to automatically calculate
mathematical tables.
1937 AD Alan Turing invents the Turing Machine

1938 AD Claude Shannon's master's Thesis
Lotfi Zadeh publishes his seminal work on fuzzy sets in 1965 (fuzzy set theory)

1949 Hebb The Organization of Behavior Psychological learning.
1958 Roseblatt, the perceptron convergence theorum.
1963 Widrow and Hoff, LMS algorithm
1982 Hopfield energy function, statistical model and information storage in

dynamically state neural networks.
1982 Kohonen, self-organizing maps
1986 Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams, the back-propagation algorithm
Rumelhart and McClelland, Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the

Microstructures of Cognition.

RCICC Scope: Computational
Intelligence

Deep Blue
M-5 Computer
The M-5 makes it impossible for it to be disconnected. It

becomes increasingly erratic, a result of Dr. Daystrom's
impressing his brain engrams onto the computer. It attacks four
other Federation starships. Kirk convinces it that it has
committed the sin of murder and while the M-5 tries to commit
suicide, they are able to disconnect the M-5 unit.

I feel much better now, Dave.

[Systems, Man And] Cybernetics
Dr. David Gow, of the Prosthetics Research and Development Team

at Princess Margaret Rose Orthopaedic Hospital, made the first
bionic arm called the Edinburgh Modular Arm System (EMAS) in
1998.

Imagine a prosthetic knee system so smart that it automatically
adapts to an individual's walking style and environment, learning
continuously and optimizing control over time.
The RHEO KNEE is the world's first microprocessor swing and

stance knee system to utilize the power of artificial intelligence.
Capable of independent thought, it learns how the user walks,

recognizing and responding immediately to changes in speed,
load and terrain. http://www.flexfoot.com/pages/2734

The PROPRIO FOOT thinks for itself, responding beautifully to
changing terrain and transforming the approach to stairs and
slopes, as well as level-ground walking. Angling itself
appropriately, it also helps amputees to sit and stand up easily
and more naturally. The PROPRIO FOOT also has a
calibrated alignment control feature. Overall, the effect is a
feeling of improved proprioception with a more balanced,
symmetric and confident gait with reduced wear and tear on the
back, hips and knees.

[Systems, Man And] Cybernetics: History
1700 James Watt's steam engine was equipped with a
governor, a centrifugal feedback valve for controlling the
speed of the engine.
Norbert Wiener used the term cybernetics to denote the

study of "teleological mechanisms" popularized by his book
Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal
and Machine (1948).
The Biological Computer Lab at the University of Illinois,

Urbana/Champaign, under the direction of Heinz von
Foerster, was a major center of cybernetic research for
almost 20 years, beginning in 1958.


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IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

Unidad 1 Tema 01: De Lull a Babbage

Historia cortesa de la IEEE

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad 1

Leonardo da Vinci sketched a more complex automaton around the 1495.

The Renaissance witnessed a considerable revival of interest in automata.

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

The Antikythera mechanismis believed by many to be an ancient

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

1937 AD Alan Turing invents the Turing Machine

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

1958 Roseblatt, the perceptron convergence theorum.

1963 Widrow and Hoff, LMS algorithm

1982 Hopfield energy function, statistical model and information storage in

1982 Kohonen, self-organizing maps

1986 Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams, the back-propagation algorithm

Rumelhart and McClelland, Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

The M-5 makes it impossible for it to be disconnected. It

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

I feel much better now, Dave.

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

Dr. David Gow, of the Prosthetics Research and Development Team

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

The RHEO KNEE is the world's first microprocessor swing and

Capable of independent thought, it learns how the user walks,

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

Norbert Wiener used the term cybernetics to denote the

The Biological Computer Lab at the University of Illinois,

IC-7900 Computacin y Sociedad

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