for
flat fading channels
r t a t e s t n t
j t
We assume:
the time-variant complex channel coefficient changes
slowly (=> constant during a symbol interval)
the channel coefficient magnitude (= attenuation
factor) a is a Rayleigh distributed random variable
coherent detection of a binary PSK signal (assuming
ideal phase synchronization)
a 2 Eb N 0 0 E a 2 Eb N 0
BER vs. SNR (cont.)
Since
2a a2 Ea2
p a e a 0,
E a
2
using
p a Rayleigh distribution
p
d da
Exponential distribution
we get
1
p e 0
0.
0
BER vs. SNR (cont.)
The average bit error probability is
Important formula
for obtaining
Pe Pe p d statistical average
Pe Q 2a 2 Eb N 0 Q 2 . 2-PSK
We thus get
1
0
Pe Q 2 1
e 0
d 1
2 1 0
.
0 0
BER vs. SNR (cont.)
1 0 1 1
Pe 1 1 1
2 1 0 2 1 0
Then, we use
1 x 1 x 2
which leads to
Pe 1 4 0 for large 0 .
BER vs. SNR (cont.)
Frequency-selective channel
BER (equalization or Rake receiver)
( Pe )
Frequency-selective channel
(no equalization)
BER floor
AWGN
channel Flat fading channel
(no fading)
SNR ( 0)
Pe 1 4 0 means a straight line in log/log scale
BER vs. SNR, summary
2-PSK Q 2 1
2
1
0
1 0
1 4 0
DPSK e 2 1 2 0 2 1 2 0
2-FSK
(coh.) Q
1
2
1
0
20
1 2 0
2-FSK
(non-c.) e 2
2 1 0 2 1 0
Better performance through diversity
1 Diversity of
Pe is proportional to
0L L:th order
Space diversity:
Several receiving antennas spaced sufficiently far apart
(spatial separation should be sufficently large to reduce
correlation between diversity branches, e.g. > 10l).
Time diversity:
Transmission of same signal sequence at different times
(time separation should be larger than the coherence
time of the channel).
Frequency diversity:
Transmission of same signal at different frequencies
(frequency separation should be larger than the
coherence bandwidth of the channel).
Diversity methods (cont.)
Polarization diversity:
Only two diversity branches are available. Not widely
used.
Multipath diversity:
Signal replicas received at different delays
(RAKE receiver in CDMA)
Signal replicas received via different angles of
arrival (directional antennas at the receiver)
Equalization in a TDM/TDMA system provides
similar performance as multipath diversity.
Selection diversity vs. signal combining
i 1 i 1
We assume:
(a) uncorrelated fading in diversity branches
(b) fading in i:th branch is Rayleigh distributed
(c) => SNR is exponentially distributed:
1
p i e i 0
, i 0. PDF
0
Probability that SNR in branch i is less than threshold y :
y
P i y p i d i 1 e y 0 . CDF
0
Selection diversity (cont.)
p 1 , 2 , , L p 1 p 2 p L .
Selection diversity (cont.)
1
Pe is proportional to
0 L
SNR ( 0)
L=4 L=3 L=2
MRC performance
i
Eb 2 Eb 2
N0
ai
N0
xi yi
2
Gaussian distributed
Rayleigh distributed magnitude quadrature components
Eb
N0
a1 a2
2 2
aL
2
N0
Eb 2
x1 y1
2
xL y L
2 2
MRC performance (cont.)
L1 L1
p e o
e o
0 L L 0 L L 1!
Gamma function Factorial
1
L L 1
L 1 k 1
k
Pe Q 2
Pe
2
k 0
k 2 0 1 0
MRC performance (cont.)
1
Pe is proportional to .
0 L
MRC performance (cont.)
2 L 1 2 L 1 !
L L! L 1 ! 1 L 1
3 L2
10 L3
35 L4
BER vs. SNR for MRC, summary
L
1 2 L 1 Proakis 3rd Ed.
For large 0 Pe
k
0 L 14-4-1
2-PSK Q 2 k 4
DPSK k 2
2-FSK
(coh.)
Q k 2
2-FSK k 1
(non-c.)
Why is MRC optimum peformance?
i 1 i 1
gi ai gi ai
2 2 2
L
i Output SNR or SIR = sum of
branch SNR or SIR values
i 1
Matched filter = "full-scale" MRC
L L L
Z hk rL k r
rL k rk
2
Lk
k 0 k 0 k 0
Matched filter = MRC (cont.)
h0 rL* h1 h L 1 hL
Z
L
Z rk
2
=> MRC including all L+1
values of rk k 0