TA

&
MC
VIT PUNE

INTRODUCTION
TO
QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE 1
SUBJECT CODE HS271TH
( Common for SY and VLL students)
UNIT NO 1
Lectures No. 1,2 3
ARITHMETICAL ABILITY
(7 hours)

BY S.G.JOSHI
TECHNICAL ADVISOR &
MANAGEMENT CONSULTANT

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 SYLLABUS QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE - 1
TA
&
Unit 1: Numbers, Surds and Indices & Logarithms. (7 Hours) MC
Numbers, Average, Decimal fractions, Problems on ages, Simplification, Problems
on numbers, Square roots & Cube roots, Logarithms, Surds and Indices, HCF and
LCM of Numbers.

Unit 2 : Time, Distance and Work. (7 Hours)

Time and distance, Problems on trains, Boats and Streams, Time and Work, Pipes
and Cisterns, Alligation or mixture.

Unit 3 : Measures of Statistical Data. (7 Hours)

Percentage, Profit and loss, Ratio & Proportion, Simple interest, Compound
interest, Partnership, Chain Rule

Unit 4 : Logical Reasoning, (7 Hours)

Race and Games, Odd man out and Series, Number Series, Analogies, Logical
Problems, Letter and Symbol Series, Statement and Conclusion, Artificial
Language.

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 PURPOSE OF LEARNING THIS SUBJECT
TA
&
MC
All the Arithmetical problems contained in this subject are known to you.
You have learned, how to solve most of these sums in your school days. You
know the systematic, methodic ways to solve these sums. But for solving these
problems, you took your own time and got correct answers. But now the sums
are required to be solved at very fast speeds and the answers are required to be
correct at the same time. So we must learn some tricks, by which we can solve
these sums for correct answers at very fast speeds. Time taken for solving is very
important and it should be as small as possible. To shorten the time of reaching to
the correct answer, without using calculators, computers, we will use principles
we have learnt in Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry and various
branches of Science etc.

Why do we want to solve these problems at fast speeds? At the engineering and
managerial positions which we will hold, in our own businesses, or in large
engineering companies, in defense services, we will be taking decisions all the
time through out our careers. These decisions have to be fast and hence we have
to have mental ability to first quickly decide the strategy on how to solve and then
really solve it very fast.
Both these abilities will develop by nothing but tremendous practice of solving
these problems.
This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C
 AVAILABLE TIME IN 1st SEMESTER & ITS UTILIZATION
TA
&
We have 4 Units of 7 hrs each to learn, requiring total 40 hours of learning. MC

We have 4 Wednesdays remaining in August 2017 Available hours is 8. We may

use 7 hours for learning one unit and 1 hour for internal examination.

We have 4 Wednesdays in September 2017 So Available hours is 8. So we can

use 7 hours for learning and 1 hour for preparations for mid sem.

In October we have 4 Wednesdays, but 2 of them are covered in Diwali vacation.

So in effect we have 2 Wednesdays Available hours 4

In November we have 5 Wednesdays.- Available hours 10. So in October and

November we have to complete 14 hours of learning in 14 available hours

In December we do not get any Wednesday before the start of the End Semester
Examination, which generally happens around 5th December. So we are just
meeting required hours by available hours. We have not considered emergency
situations like gathering ,Vishwakarandak , Melange where we are likely to loose
available hours. So as it is situation is very tight..
Conclusion: We can not afford to loose any Wednesday. Please do not miss
classes
This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C
 METHODOLOGY FOLLOWED TA
&
MC

Definitions, concepts, principles, theorems, methods of solving problems of any

particular type will be explained in the class, with the help of ppt presentation. Since
the topics are known to students, right from their school days, the presentation
session will be interactive.

To explain those concepts, illustrative solved examples will be presented. This part
will also be interactive.

In the evening of the class day or latest by the next day evening, the ppt / pdf of the
presentation done in the class that day (Wednesday) will be mailed by the faculty to
the chosen class representative, which the CR will circulate to his colleagues. The
mail will contain few sums, related to the topics learned which the students have to
solve as a home assignment and mail the answer sheet to the faculty latest by
Sunday morning.

Attendance and completion of Home assignments are very important and they carry
Term Work marks

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 AVAILABLE TIME IN AUGUST 2017 TA
&
MC

We had 5 Wednesdays in August 2017 on dates

2nd But this is already over and is of no use to us

9th, ie today
16th
23rd
30th

The 4th useful Wednesday is on 30th . If you go to your home towns

for Ganesh festival which starts on 25th which is a Friday there is
likely to be a temptation to make it a week long holiday. So we must
pray to Lord Ganesh to give us strength to resist this temptation and
not miss even the regular and special classes by Industry experts on
Saturday 26th and start attending college with rejuvenated vigour
regularly right from 28th August which is a Monday

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 SYLLABUS & TIME SCHEDULE OF UNIT 1 TA
NUMBERS, SURDS & INDICES, LGORITHMS &
MC

9th August

1) NUMBERS
2) AVERAGE
3)PROBLEMS ON NUMBERS,
4) SQUARE ROOTS & CUBE ROOTS

16th August

5) DECIMAL FRACTIONS
6) PROBLEM ON AGES
7) SIMPLIFICATION
8) LOGARITHMS

23rd August

9) SURDS & INDICES

10) HCF & LCM OF NUMBERS

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

NUMBERS TA
&
MC
Digits Ten digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Numbers A group of digits Also called as Numeral

A digit has a face value. When it is a part of a number it has a place

value. Place value is also called as Local Value

Places From left to right it increases I order

Units
Tens
Hundreds
Thousands
Ten Thousands
Lakhs
Ten Lakhs
Crores
Ten Crores
This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C
TYPES OF NUMBERS TA
&
MC
Natural Number counting numbers are called as Natural numbers.
Examples 1,2,3,4,5 ..9
Please note 0 zero is not a natural number

Whole Number All counting numbers or all natural numbers and zero
0 form a set of whole number.

Integer All counting numbers (Natural numbers as well as all

whole numbers) , zero, and negatives of counting
numbers form a set of integers. So there are positive
integers and negative integers

Even Numbers A counting number fully divisible by 2

.
Odd Numbers A counting number which is not fully divisible by 2
.
Composite numbers - The natural numbers which are not prime numbers
are called composite numbers.
This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C
TYPES OF NUMBERS TA
&
MC
PRIME NUMBERS (Contd)
A counting number is called a PRIME NUMBER provided it has two
factors namely 1 and itself. 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29 53,59 . 97
A test for prime number Let p be the given number and let n be the
smallest counting number such that n^2 is greater than p. Now test
whether p is divisible by any of the prime numbers less than or equal to
n. If yes p is not a prime number. Otherwise p is prime
Examples
Is 137 a prime number?
(12)^2 = 144 is greater than 137.
Prime numbers less than 12 are 2,3,5,7 and 11
None of these divides 137 fully. So 137 is a prime number

Is 437 a prime number?

(21)^2 = 441 is greater than 437
Prime numbers less than 21 are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19
19 divides 437 fully (437/19 = 23) So 437 is not a prime number.

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

TYPES OF NUMBERS TA
TESTS OF DIVISIBILITY &
Divisibility by 2 MC
A number is divisible by 2 if at its unit place there is digit 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
Divisibility by 3
A number is divisible by 3 only when the sum of its digits is divisible by 3
Divisibility by 9
A number is divisible by 9 only when the sum of its digits is divisible by 9
Divisibility by 4
A number is divisible by 4 only when the sum of its last two digits is
divisible by 4
Divisibility by 8
A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by digits in its hundred,
tens and units place is divisible by 8
Divisibility by 5
A number is divisible by 5 only when it has 0 or 5 at its unit place.
Divisibility by 11
A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of its digits
at odd places and sum of its digits at even places is either 0 or divisible
by 11.
Divisibility by 10 - Only when digit at unit place is 0
This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C
OPERATIONS WITH NUMBERS TA
&
FACTORIZATION MC
Large sums can be solved by splitting the numbers in groups which are
easy to work on
Example: (a+b)^2 =a^2 +2ab + b^2
976 x 237 + 976 x 763 = ?
Use common factor 976 and re write
= 976 ( 237 + 763 ) = 976 x 1000 976000
Example:
1607 x 1607 =?
=(1607)^2 = (1600 +7)^2 = (1600)^2 + (7)^2 +( 2 x 1600 x 7)
= 2560000
+ 0000049
+ 0022400
---------------------------------
= 2582449
Example : (a b)^2 = a^2 + b^2 2ab
1396 x 1396 =?
= (1400 4)^2 = (1400)^2 + (4)^2 (2 x 1400 x 4)
1960000 +16 11200 = 1948816
This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C
OPERATIONS WITH NUMBERS TA
&
FACTORIZATION MC
Large sums can be solved by splitting the numbers in groups which are
easy to work on
Example: a^2 b^2 = (a + b) x (a b)
796 x 796 204 x 204
=(796)^2 (204)^2 = (796 + 204) x (796 204)
= 1000 x 592 =592000
Example: (a)^3 + (b)^3 = (a + b) x (a^2 a x b + b^2)
789 x 789 x 789 + 211 x 211 x 211
------------------------------------------------ = ?
789 x 789 789 x 211 + 211 x 211
Split numerator in to factors
(789)^3 + (211)^3 (789 +211) (789^2 789 x 211 + 211^2)
= ------------------------------------------= ------------------------------------------------------
(789)^2 (789 x 211) + (211)^2 (789)^2 (789 x 211) + (211)^2
Cancel out common factors in numerator and denominator

= (789 +211) = 1000

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

OPERATIONS WITH NUMBERS TA
&
FACTORIZATION MC
Large sums can be solved by splitting the numbers in groups which are
easy to work on

Example: (a)^3 - (b)^3 = (a - b) x (a^2 + a x b + b^2)

658x 658 x 658 + 328 x 328 x 328
------------------------------------------------ = ?
658 x 658 + 658 x 328 + 328 x 328
Split numerator in to factors
(658)^3 + (328)^3 (658 - 328) (658^2 + 658 x 328 + 328^2)
= ------------------------------------------= ------------------------------------------------------
(658)^2 (658 x 328) + (328)^2 (658)^2 (658 x 328) + (328)^2
Cancel out common factors in numerator and denominator

= (658 - 328) = 330

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 TA
&
MC

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

1 TA
&
MC

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

1 TA
&
MC

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

1 TA
&
MC

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

1 TA
&
MC

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

1 TA
&
MC

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 TA
&
MC

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 TA
&
MC

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 DEALING WITH SERIES FORMULAE TO REMEMBER TA
Summation of series &
(i) ( 1 + 2 + 3 + ..+n) = (1/2) x n (n+1) MC
(ii) ( 1^2 +2^2 + 3^2 + +n^2) = (1/6) x n x (n+1) (2n+1)
(iii) ( 1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + + n^3) = (1/4) x n^2 (n+1)^2

Arithmetic progression series

a , a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d, is an arithmetic progression
series, where the first term is a and the common difference is d

(i) if nth term is tn then tn = a + (n 1) x d

(ii) sum of n terms = (n/2) x { 2a + (n 1) x d }
(iii) if l is the last term then sum = (n/2) (a + l)

Geometric progression series

a, ar , ar^2 , ar^3 , ar^4 .. Is a geometric progression series where
a is the first term and common ratio is r

(i) nth term is ar^n 1

(ii) sum = a(1 r^n) / (1 r) if r is less than 1
(iii) sum = a(r^n 1) / (r 1) if r is greater than 1
This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C
 AVERAGE TA
&
Points to remember for averages MC

Sum of Observations
(i) Average = -------------------------------
Number of Observations

Average of many averages

Certain distance covered by a person at a speed of x kmph and an equal

distance at a speed of y kmph. What is the average speed of journey?
Let Z be the distance covered at speed x . So time required is Z/x
Same distance Z is covered at speed y So time required is Z/y . Total
distance 2Z and total time Z/x + Z/y
2Z
(ii)Average speed of the whole journey = -----------------------------------------------
Z/x + Z/y
2 xy
= ----------------
(x + y)
This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C
 SQUARE ROOTS & CUBE ROOTS TA
&
Points to remember for Square roots and Cube roots MC

Square root :
(i) If x^2 = y we say the square root of y is x and write it as y ^0.5 = x
Examples : 4^0.5 = 2 ; 9^.5 = 3 ; (196)^0.5 = 14

Cube root :
The cube root of a given number is x is the number whose cube is x. We
denote cube root of x as (x)^1/3
Examples : (8)^1/3 = (2 x 2 x2)^1/3 =2 ; (343)^1/3 = (7 x 7 x7)^1/3 = 7

(i) (xy)^1/2 = (x)^1/2 x (y)^1/2

(ii) (x/y)^1/2 = (x)^1/2 / (y)^1/2

= (x)^1/2 / (y)^1/2 x (y)^1/2 / (y)^1/2

= (xy)^1/2 / y

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 SQUARE ROOTS & CUBE ROOTS TA
&
Points to remember for Square roots and Cube roots MC
Arithmetical method of calculating a square root
Find square root of 1471369
Starting from unit digit side the Selected pairs are 69, 13, 47 and
remainder 1 digit which is also called as period is 1

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 SQUARE ROOTS & CUBE ROOTS TA
&
Points to remember for Square roots and Cube roots MC
Arithmetical method of calculating a square root
Example: Find square root of 3 up to 3 decimals Answer 1.732

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 SQUARE ROOTS & CUBE ROOTS TA
&
Points to remember for Square roots and Cube roots MC
Arithmetical method of calculating a cube root
Example: Find cube root of 2744 Answer 14

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 SQUARE ROOTS & CUBE ROOTS TA
&
Points to remember for Square roots and Cube roots MC
Arithmetical method of calculating a cube root
Example: Find cube root of 97366 Answer 46

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 DECIMAL FRACTIONS TA
&
Points to remember BASICS for handling numbers MC

1) (a+b) x (a-b) = (a^2 b^2)

1) (a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2

1) (a b)^2 = a^2 -2ab + b^2

1) (a + b + c)^2 = a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + 2( ab + bc +ca)

2) (a^3 + b^3) = (a+ b) (a^2 ab + b^2)

3) (a^3 b^3) = (a b) (a^2 + ab + b^2)

1) (a^3 + b^3 + c^3 3abc) = (a + b + c) (a^2 + b^2 + c^2 ab bc ca)

1) When a + b + c = 0 then (a^2 + b^2 + c^2) = 3abc

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 DECIMAL FRACTIONS (contd.) TA
Important Facts and Formulae on Decimal Fractions &
MC
1) Fractions in which denominators are powers of 10 are called as
decimal fractions. Like 1/10 = 0.1, one tenth; 99/100 = 0.99 = ninety
nine hundredths
2) Conversion of a Decimal in to Vulgar Fraction. like
0.25 =25/100 = 1 / 4 ; 2.008 = 2008 / 1000 = 251 / 125
3) Annexing zeros to right. like
0.8 = 0.80 = 0.800
4) If numerator and denominator of a fraction contain the same number of
decimal places then we can remove the decimal sign. Like
1.84 / 2.99 = 184 / 299 = 8 / 13 ; 0.365 / 0.584 = 365 / 584 = 5 / 8
5) Addition and subtraction with decimal Write down given numbers one
below the other such that decimal points lie in the same coloumn and
then carry out addition and subtraction in usual manner.
6) Multiplication of a decimal fraction by a power of 10. Shift the decimal
point to the right by as many places as the power of 10.
7) Multiplication of decimal fractions Multiply given numbers without
considering decimal points. In the product mark decimal point to the
left of the product by as many places as the addition of powers of 10
This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C
 DECIMAL FRACTIONS (contd.) TA
Important Facts and Formulae on Decimal Fractions &
MC
8) Dividing a decimal fraction by a counting number Divide the given
number without considering the decimal point. In the quotient put the
decimal point to give as many places of decimal as there are in the
dividend. Like
0.0204 / 17 = ? ; 204 / 17 = 12 ; Dividend contains 4 places of decimals. So
the answer is 0.0012

9) Dividing a Decimal Fraction by a Decimal Fraction. Multiply both the

divisor and the dividend by a suitable power of 10 so that divisor
becomes a whole number and proceed as in number (8). Like
0.00066 / 0.11 =? 0.00066 x 100 / 0.11 x 100 = 0.066 / 11 = 0.006

10) Comparison of fractions If fractions are to be arranged in ascending

or descending order, they should be converted to decimal fractions and
then it is easy.

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 PROBLEMS ON AGES TA
SOLVED EXAMPLES &
MC
1) Example 1:The present age of a father is 3 years more than 3 times the
age of his son. Three years hence fathers age will be 10 years more
than twice the age of the sun. What is present age of the father?

Answer :If x is the age of son; fathers age is = ( 3 * x) +3 one more

equation is 2( x + 3) + 10 = (3 * x) + 3 +3 ; 2x +16 = 3x + 6 ; So sons
age is 10 years. So Fathers present age is 3*10 +3 = 33 years.

2) Example 2: Abhays age after 6 years will be 3/7 th of his fathers age.
Ten years ago the ratio of their ages was 1:5 What is Abhays fathers
present age?

Answer: Let 10 years ago the ages of Abhay and his father be x and
5x. So their present ages are( x + 10) and (5x +10); 6 years from now
the equation will be 3/7 *[ (5x + 10) +6] = (x + 10) +6 ; 3/7(5x +16) = (x +
16); 7x + 112 = 15x + 48 ; 8x = 64 ; x = 8 So Abhays fathers age 10
years back was 40. So today it is 50.

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

SIMPLIFICATION. TA
Important concepts in Simplification. &
MC
1) BODMAS is the most important rule of simplification, which tells the
correct sequence in which the operations are to be executed so as to
find out the value of a given expression.
B stands for bracket
O stands for of
D stands for division
M stands for multiplication
A stands for addition and
S stands for subtraction
So during simplification the brackets must be solved first in the order (),
{}, [ ] and then solve of, division, multiplication, addition,
subtraction

2) Modulus of a real number I a I = a if a>0 and = - a if a<0

3) Vernaculum (Bar) When an expression contains Vernaculum, we first

simplify the expression under Vernaculum.

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

LOGARITHM TA
&
MC

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

LOGARITHM TA
&
MC

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

LOGARITHM solved examples TA
&
MC

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C

 TA
&
MC

THANK YOU

This is the Proprietary document of S G Joshi T A & M C