Sexual vs.

Asexual Reproduction
Sexual=an exchange or new combination of
DNA from 2 organisms (recombination)
In the cells of each organism, of the DNA
came from the mother and came from the
father @ the original fertilization that occurred
to make the organism
Asexual=No exchange or recombination of
DNA (only 1 organism is involved,
cloning.)
 Cellular Reproduction
2 Types:
Cell cycle and Mitosis=body cells are copied
(cloned) to be identical to the original
Meiosis=makes gametes which contain of the
DNA of the original cell
Recombination occurs via Crossing Over
Once meiosis occurs, fertilization can
happen. Is this sexual?
Notes, Cell Growth and Division
Cell Size
Determined by the SA:V ratio
Also regulated by enzymes (you can have too
many, not enough, or the wrong ones)
Determined by contact inhibition (cells
touching other cells rarely divide)
Cancers happen because the cell cycle is not
properly regulated.
Oncologists believe that this is due to genes which
control enzyme production.
Cancer spreads via metastasis (metastatizing), when
they enter the circulatory system
 Cellular DNA
DNA during interphase exists as chromatin-
a long, unraveled string.
During Prophase, the DNA coils up and
condenses to make chromosomes
chromosomes consist of sister chromatids held together
by a centromere (see overhead for demo and draw on
your own)
Chromosomes are split apart during
mitosis at the centromere.
Full set of chromosomes=diploid
half set of chromosomes=haploid
The Cell Cycle
Includes 3 steps
Interphase, which has a growth, synthesis, and
pre-division phase
Mitosis, which includes the NUCLEAR
division along with its genetic material
(Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
Cytokinesis, which involves the plasma
membrane pinching off, dividing the cytoplasm
equally between the 2 cells.
Can there be mitosis without cytokinesis?
Can there be mitosis without interphase?
 Mitosis
After the cell has grown, duplicated its
DNA and Centrioles (animals), it has
completed interphase and is ready for
Mitosis.
Mitosis begins with Prophase, where the
chromatin becomes chromosomes, and the
nuclear envelope disappears. The centrioles
migrate to opposite poles of the cell, and the
spindle fibers begin to form. Draw this
phase.
 Mitosis cont.
Following prophase is Metaphase-which
means middle-phase. The chromosomes
migrate to the middle of the cell and are
attached to spindle fibers at their
centromeres. Draw this phase
Once the cells have lined up, they are pulled
apart at their centromeres and moved
toward the poles. This is anaphase. Draw
this phase.
 Mitosis cont.
Finally, Telophase happens when the nuclei
of the daughter cells re-forms and the DNA
unravels into chromatin. Spindle fibers and
centromeres disappear. Draw this phase.
After Mitosis, cytokinesis happens.
 Meiosis
Steps include Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I,
Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase
II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II
Both Telophases are accompanied by cytokinesis.
Compare and contrast the two (see overhead and
video clip)
Meiosis Makes Gametes (sperm and egg)
 Gametogenesis
Means making gametes
In men, results in 4 sperm cells, all identical
in size.
In women, results in 4 primary oocytes, 3 of
which surrender their cytoplasm to the 4th.
The 3 small become polar bodies. The 4th
becomes the mature egg (secondary
oocyte).
 Chromosome number
Chromosome Number is determined by how many
chromosomes are visible at Metaphase. Why?
Diploid-2 of each kind of chromosome, otherwise
expressed as 2n. Means that a person has a
complete set of chromosomes at Metaphase
Haploid-1 of each kind of chromosome, otherwise
expressed as n.
 Counting Chromosomes
We take cells and treat them with a chemical that
stops spindle fiber formation. What effect would
this have?
We then submerge cells in pure H2O. What effect
would this have?
When the Chromosomes settle out on a slide, we
then take a picture of them and cut them out to be
arranged in an organized way, called a
Karyotype.
Homologous Chromosomes are lined up together.
 Karyotyping and errors
The splitting of chromosomes is called
Disjunction.
Errors in this process are called Non-
disjunction.
What effects could this have on a
karyotype? Trisomy, monosomy
See overhead.