G.KUMARAN
A.D.S.T.E/BPA
BATTERY
Group of connected cells forms BATTERY.
Classification of CELLS
Primary Cells: The chemical materials are used up
as electric energy is produced. It is discarded when
its active material is depleted and it no longer
produces electrical energy.
Secondary Cells: A reversible chemical reaction is
used to separate charges so that the cell can be
returned to its original chemical state many times
Railway Signalling Applications
In Railway Signalling Applications Secondary Cells are
usually used for situation requiring larger amount of
energy at high currents.
In Railway Signalling Application three types of lead
acid cells are used
Flooded type Lead Acid Cells IS-1651 (not used)
Flooded type low maintenance Lead Acid Cells IRS-S88/93.
Sealed Lead Acid Cells S93/96(For signaling applications
these cells are not used)
Flooded type low maintenance
Lead Acid Cells IRS-S88/93.
At present in Railway Signalling Applications Flooded
type low maintenance Lead Acid Cells are used.
Advantage of LMLA over Lead Acid Cells.
In Grid Alloy composition Low percentage 2% of
antimony is used. This reduces the need for adding
water since very little is boiled of during charging.
Ampere-Hour efficiency more than 95%.
High Watt-Hour efficiency more than 80%.
Construction details of LMLA
In LMLA number of positive and negative plates
are interleaved and separated by porus rubber
sheet. This layering provides greater surface area
and current availability. All the positive plates are
electrically connected as are all the negative
plates. This connections yield a parallel (Higher
current) parallel arrangement for single cell
developing approximately two volts.
Principle of Cell working
When two electrodes of dissimilar metals are placed in
an electrolyte there will be miserable potential
difference at their terminals. In the Lead Acid System
one electrode of lead peroxide and another of pure
sponge Lead or immersed in the electrolyte.
Positive plate is made of Lead Peroxide, Negative plate
is made of Sponge Lead
Electrolyte is H2SO4.
This above combination in the cell produces about
two volts.
CHEMICAL REACTION
Discharge.
In the discharged state both the positive and negative plates become
lead(II) sulfate (PbSO4) and the electrolyte loses much of its dissolved
sulfuric acid and becomes primarily water. The discharge process is
driven by the conduction of electrons from the positive plate back into
the cell at the negative plate.
Charge.
In the charged state, each cell contains negative plates of elemental
lead (Pb) and positive plates of lead(IV) oxide (PbO2) in an electrolyte
of approximately 33.5% v/v (4.2 Molar) sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The
charging process is driven by the forcible removal of electrons from the
negative plate and the forcible introduction of them to the positive
plate.
DISCHARGE