COGNITIVE RADIO SOLUTIONS

FOR IEEE 802.22

Presented By: Yahia Tachwali
Advisor: Dr. Hazem Refai
Committee Members: Dr. William O. Ray
Dr. James J. Sluss
Dr. Joseph P. Havlicek
Dr. Samuel Cheng
Ph.D. Dissertation Defense
Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Oklahoma
10/10/2017 July - 26 - 2010 1
 OUTLINES
INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN

SPECTRUM SENSING

CONCLUSION
10/10/2017 2/
 INTRODUCTION

10/10/2017 3/
 INTRODUCTION
Motivation
Spectrum Underutilization, Wireless Applications Cognitive Radio
Scope
Small form factor platforms software radio, IEEE 802.22 constraints

Objectives
Configurable Transceiver, Compressive Spectrum Sensing

Method
Mathematical analysis, Computer Simulation, Implementation Verification

Research Contributions

10/10/2017 4/
 Contributions
A proposed framework for developing a configurable
transceiver on a small form factor platform using a combination
of digital signal processor and field programmable gate arrays.
The design and implementation of a configurable synchronizer
to support different symbol rates.
The design of a mode-switching mechanism.
The application of Fast Fourier Sampling technique for
wireless microphone detections.
A simulation study of the Fast Fourier Sampling technique
configuration parameters for wireless microphone detection under
additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading channel.
A proposed wideband and narrowband cooperative sensing
scheme based on Fast Fourier Sampling.
The mathematical analysis of frequency identification stage
performance in FFS algorithm.
The mathematical analysis of optimal configuration parameters
for
frequency identification stage in FFS algorithm.
coefficient estimation stage in FFS algorithm.
10/10/2017 5/
 BACKGROUND

10/10/2017 6/
 BACKGROUND

Cognitive Radio and

Software Radio

IEEE 802.22

Spectrum Sensing

Compressed Sampling

10/10/2017 7/
 BACKGROUND
-Software Defined Radio

ADC

ADC

ADC
RF to IF IF to BB

a radio that includes a transmitter in which the

operating parameters of the transmitter, including the
frequency range, modulation type or maximum radiated
or conducted output power can be altered by making a
change in software without making any hardware
changes by J.Mitolla
10/10/2017 8/
 BACKGROUND
-Implementation Technologies for SDR

10/10/2017 9/
 BACKGROUND
-Cognitive Radio

Cognitive radio is an intelligent wireless communication system that is aware of its

surrounding environment (i.e., outside world), and uses the methodology of
understanding-by-building to learn from the environment and adapt its internal states to
statistical variations in the incoming RF stimuli by making corresponding changes in
certain operating parameters (e.g., transmit-power, carrier-frequency, and modulation
strategy) in real-time, with two primary objectives in mind:
-highly reliable communications whenever and wherever needed
-efficient utilization of the radio spectrum by Simon Haykin
10/10/2017 10/
 BACKGROUND
-IEEE 802.22 Deployment Scenario

WRAN

Base Station 0
FM Microphone Signal Soft Speaker Model 20 dB

-20

PSD (dB)
-40

Wireless -60
MIC


-80
2.92 2.96 3 3.04 3.08

f (MHz)

TV Transmitter
WRAN
Base Station

WRAN
Repeater

Typical ~33km

Wireless
Max. 100km
MIC

: WRAN Base Station

: CPE

10/10/2017 11/
 BACKGROUND
-Spectrum Sensing Techniques

Sensitivity Measurement is the lowest SNR value under

which the sensing technique is able to achieve

false alarm 10% detection 90%

Digital TV Wireless Mics
Sensitivity [dBm] -116 -107 (200 kHz bandwidth)

SNR [dB] -21 -12

Two main spectrum sensing categories:

Blind Sensing Signal Specific Sensing

10/10/2017 12/
 BACKGROUND
-Compressed Sampling Technique

Why: Cost of ADC, sensor, computations

Assumptions: Coherency and Sparsity
Techniques:
Optimization solving e.g. L1 Minimization
Iterative methods e.g. Fast Fourier Sampling (FFS)

N K
SensingCompressed Sensing
Compress Transmit

K N
Receive De-Compress K << N
10/10/2017 13/
 0.1
6
0

BACKGROUND
4

2
-0.1

-Fast Fourier Sampling Overview

0
0 50 100 150
-0.2
0 50 100 150

12 0.3

10
0.2

8
0.1
6
0
4

-0.1
2

0 -0.2
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
12 0.3

10
0.2

8
0.1
6
0
4

-0.1
2

0 -0.2
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150

N m
xt x t
1 1
ak e 2i k t / N ~
a e 2i k t / N
12 0.3

10
0.2

8
k
N k 16

4
0.1

0 N k 1
2

0
0 50
COMPLEXITY
100 150
-0.1

-0.2
0 50 100 150

N . Log ( N ) m . poly( -1 , log ( -1) , log( N ) )

10/10/2017 14/
 BACKGROUND
-Fast Fourier Sampling Architecture

10/10/2017 15/
 12
200
10

8
150
6

100 2

50 -2
0 50 100 150

0
0 50 100
Frequency Index
150
12
-
10
150
8

4
100
2

200 -2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
50

150

0
0 50 100 150
100 Frequency Index

50

0
0 50 100
Frequency Index
150
Coefficient Estimation

10/10/2017
Bit Testing 19 50 88 122 16/
 To Summarize

Software Radio is a Flexible Radio

( Software = Flexibility )
Cognitive Radio is a Smart Radio
( Smart = Configurable + Awareness)

The IEEE 802.22 is a new wireless standard based on cognitive radio

technology that is still under development and testing phase.

Spectrum Sensing should detect signal 90% of the times and with
false alarm 10%.

Compressed Sampling : use K << N signal to recover signal of size

N on probabilistic basis.

10/10/2017 17/
 CONFIGURABLE
TRANSCEIVER
DESIGN

10/10/2017 18/
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
- Overview

Configurable

DAC
RFTX
Transmitter
Configurable
Synchronizer
Switching
Control
Configurable
ADC

RFRX
Receiver
ADC

RFRX Spectrum Sensing

RF Module Data Conversion Module Digital Signal Processing Conversion

10/10/2017 19/
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
-Configurable Modem Overview

10/10/2017 20/
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
-Configurable Digital Transceiver- DSP

Variable Bit Rate Fixed Symbol Rate

10/10/2017 21/
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
-Configurable Digital Transceiver- FPGA
Configuration 1 Configuration Configuration
2 3
1 stage 64x
1857
2 stages 32x 2x 16x 4x 8x 8x
1

0.8

0.6

266 192 266 0.4

0.2

3 stages 16x 2x 2x 8x 4x 2x 4x 4x 4x
0
0 0.5 1 1.5

147 118 152

4 stages 8x 2x 2x 2x 4x 4x 2x 2x
115 107
5 stages 4x 2x 2x 2x 2x
107
6 stages 2x,2x,2x,2x,2x,2x
107

10/10/2017 22/
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
Configurable Digital Transceiver- Result
4 100
x 10

1.3859 50

0
2 1
1
0
-1 0

2 -1
0 0.5
-2
4
0
x 10
1
-0.5
0
-1 0.5

0.5 0
0
-0.5
-0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 1
4
1 x 10
0 0
-1 -1
4
0.5 x 10
1
0
-0.5 0
4
x 10
2 -1
0 4
x 10
-2 2

1 0
0.5 -2
0
4
x 10 100
4

10/10/20172 50 23/
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 0
x 10
4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
4
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
- Overview

Configurable

DAC
RFTX
Transmitter
Configurable
Synchronizer
Switching
Control
Configurable
ADC

RFRX
Receiver
ADC

RFRX Spectrum Sensing

RF Module Data Conversion Module Digital Signal Processing Conversion

10/10/2017 24/
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
-Configurable Synchronizer Overview

Sampled
Data Matched
Filter
= 3
Early
Sample
Counter
= 2
Initial Value Current
(samps/period) Sample = 1
Late
Sample

Choose New
(ES-LS)*CS
Init. Value
Locked?

Analyze Next Bits

Symbol When
Count=0 & Locked

10/10/2017 25/
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
-Configurable Synchronizer- Results

10/10/2017 26/
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
- Overview

Configurable

DAC
RFTX
Transmitter
Configurable
Synchronizer
Switching
Control
Configurable
ADC

RFRX
Receiver
ADC

RFRX Spectrum Sensing

RF Module Data Conversion Module Digital Signal Processing Conversion

10/10/2017 27/
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
-Switching Control- Mode Switching

Signal Processing Backbone is designed based on the following considerations

Transmitted signal characteristics
Sample rate conversion
Bit resolution

10/10/2017 28/
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
-Switching Control- Frequency Switching

Data integrity during switching operation

Synchronization
10/10/2017 Wireless channel and antenna characteristics
29/
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
-Framework

Wireless Transceiver -1

Configurable Wireless Transceiver

FB3 FB2 FB1
Mode Switching Control
A1 B C1 D E F

FB-3 FB-2 FB-1

A1 C1
Wireless Transceiver -2
B D E F

A2 C2 FB3 FB2 FB1

A2 B C2 D E F

Function Block

Signal Processing Block

Cognitive Radio Design
Circular Buffer

Adaptability Configurability

Performance Measurement Commonality Extraction

and Control Knobs

Mode Selection Mode Switching

Co-existence Management Triggering Sources

10/10/2017 30/
 CONFIGURABLE TRANSCEIVER DESIGN
- Case Study

10/10/2017 31/
 COMPRESSIVE
SPECTRUM
SENSING

10/10/2017 32/
 COMPRESSIVE SPECTRUM SENSING
- Outline

Feasibility Study

Parameter Impact Study

Cooperative sensing scheme

Analytical Study

10/10/2017 33/
 COMPRESSIVE SPECTRUM SENSING
- Feasibility of WM Detection using FFS
0
10
SNR =5 dB SNR =-5 dB SNR =-12 dB

Frequency Identification
AWGN Silent 100 100 100
AWGN Soft
AWGN Loud 80 80 80

Histogram [%]

Histogram [%]

Histogram [%]
Rayleigh Silent
60 60 60
Rayleigh Soft
Rayleigh Loud 40 40 40
Success Rate [%]

20 20 20

0 0 0
0 3 6 9 12 15 0 3 6 9 12 15 0 3 6 9 12 15
Frequency Values [MHz] Frequency Values [MHz] Frequency Values [MHz]
SNR =-16 dB SNR =-20 dB SNR =-24 dB
100 4 3

80
3

Histogram [%]

Histogram [%]

Histogram [%]
-1
10 2
60
2
40
1
1
20
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 0 0
SNR [dB] 0 3 6 9 12 15 0 3 6 9 12 15 0 3 6 9 12 15
0 Frequency Values [MHz] Frequency Values [MHz] Frequency Values [MHz]
10
SNR =5 dB SNR =-5 dB SNR =-12 dB
80 25 15

Coefficient Estimation 60
20

Histogram [%]

Histogram [%]

Histogram [%]
10
15
40
10
Success Rate [%]

5
20
5
-1 0 0 0
10 0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000
Coefficient Values Coefficient Values Coefficient Values
SNR =-16 dB SNR =-20 dB SNR =-24 dB
10 6 0.8
AWGN Silent, Error 1%
AWGN Soft, Error 1% 8
0.6
Histogram [%]

Histogram [%]

Histogram [%]
4
AWGN Loud, Error 1% 6
AWGN Silent, Error 10% 0.4
4
AWGN Soft, Error 10% 2
0.2
AWGN Loud, Error 10% 2
-2
10/10/2017 34/
10 0 0 0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000
SNR [dB] Coefficient Values Coefficient Values Coefficient Values
 COMPRESSIVE SPECTRUM SENSING
- Outline

Feasibility Study

Parameter Impact Study

Cooperative sensing scheme

Analytical Study

10/10/2017 35/
 COMPRESSIVE SPECTRUM SENSING
- Impact of FFS Configuration Parameters
1

Signal Size (N) 0.9

Frequency Identification Success Rate

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 AW GN, log2(N) = 18

AW GN, log2(N) = 20
0.3 AW GN, log2(N) = 22
Rayleigh, log2(N) = 18
0.2 Rayleigh, log2(N) = 20
Rayleigh, log2(N) = 22
0.1

Frequency locations 0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
SNR [dB]
4500
Noise, log2(N) = 18
4000 Noise, log2(N) = 20
Mean Value of the Maximum Coefficient

Noise, log2(N) = 22
3500 Signal + Noise, log2(N) = 18
Signal + Noise, log2(N) = 20
Signal + Noise, log2(N) = 22
3000
Signal + Noise + Rayleigh Fading, log2(N) = 18
Signal + Noise + Rayleigh Fading, log2(N) = 20
2500
Signal + Noise + Rayleigh Fading, log2(N) = 22

2000

1500

1000

500
10/10/2017 36/
0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
SNR [dB]
 COMPRESSIVE SPECTRUM SENSING
- Impact of FFS Configuration Parameters
11

Filter-Bank Size (K) 0.9

0.9
AW GN,
AW GN,
AW GN,
K
K
K
=
=
=
32
64
128
0.8
0.8 AW GN, K = 256

0.7

of Detection
Rate
0.7
0.6

Success
0.6
0.5
0.5 AWGN, K = 32

Probability
0.4 AWGN, K = 64

Detection
0.4 AWGN, K = 128
0.3 AWGN, K = 256
0.3 Rayleigh, K = 32
0.2
Rayleigh, K = 64
0.2 Rayleigh, K = 128
0.1
Rayleigh, K = 256
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0 Probability of False Alarm
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
SNR [dB]

10/10/2017 37/
 COMPRESSIVE SPECTRUM SENSING
- Impact of FFS Configuration Parameters

Number of Frequencies (m)

1 1
AWGN, m = 1 AWGN, m = 1
0.9 AWGN, m = 2 0.9 AWGN, m = 2
AWGN, m = 4 AWGN, m = 4

Frequency Identification Success Rate

0.8 AWGN, m = 10 0.8 AWGN, m = 10
Rayleigh, m = 1 Rayleigh, m = 1
Detection Success Rate

0.7 Rayleigh, m = 2 0.7 Rayleigh, m = 2

Rayleigh, m = 4 Rayleigh, m = 4
0.6 Rayleigh, m = 10 0.6 Rayleigh, m = 10
0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0 0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
SNR [dB] SNR [dB]

0.4 0.4
AWGN, m= 1
AWGN, m= 2
0.35 AWGN, m= 4 0.35
AWGN, m= 10
Probability of False Alarm

0.3
Probability of False Alarm

0.3 AW GN, m = 1
AW GN, m = 2
AW GN, m = 4
0.25 0.25 AW GN, m = 10

0.2 0.2

0.15 0.15

0.1 0.1
10/10/2017 38/
0.05 0.05
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
SNR [dB] SNR [dB]
 COMPRESSIVE SPECTRUM SENSING
- Outline

Feasibility Study

Parameter Impact Study

Cooperative sensing scheme

Analytical Study

10/10/2017 39/
 COMPRESSIVE SPECTRUM SENSING
-FFS Cooperative Sensing Study

Narrowband cooperative sensing Wideband cooperative sensing

f3 f4 f2 f1
Periodogram Power Spectral Density Estimate for a Microphone Signal, SNR=20 dB, Loud Speaker Periodogram Power Spectral Density Estimate for a Microphone Signal, SNR=20 dB, Loud Speaker Periodogram Power Spectral Density Estimate for a Microphone Signal, SNR=20 dB, Loud
Periodogram Speaker
Power Spectral Density Estimate for a Microphone Signal, SNR=20 dB, Loud Speaker
-10 -10 -10 -10

-20 -20 -20 -20

Power/frequency (dB/Hz)
-30

Power/frequency (dB/Hz)

Power/frequency (dB/Hz)
-30 -30
Power/frequency (dB/Hz)

-30

-40 -40 -40 -40

-50 -50 -50 -50

-60 -60 -60 -60

-70 -70 -70 -70

-80 -80 -80 -80

2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1 2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1
Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz)

f1

f2
f3 :
{ Fi, Ci }

f4 { Ri }

10/10/2017 40/
 COMPRESSIVE SPECTRUM SENSING
-FFS Cooperative Sensing Study (Narrowband)

Threshold Decision
Effect of combining method
0.7 1
OR Combining Rule SNR = -24 dB
AND Combining Rule
0.6 SNR = -22 dB
Equal Gain Combining Rule
0.8
)

SNR = -20 dB

)
FA

FA
SNR = -18 dB
Probability of False Alarm ( P

Probability o False Alarm ( P

0.5
SNR = -16 dB
0.6
0.4

0.3
0.4

0.2
0.2
0.1

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Normalized Threshold Normalized Threshold

1
1
0.9 SNR = -24 dB
0.9
SNR = -22 dB
0.8 SNR = -20 dB
0.8
Probability o Detection ( P )
D

SNR = -18 dB

Probabliy of Detection (P )
0.7

D
0.7 SNR = -16 dB
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
OR Combining Rule
0.2 AND Combining Rule 0.2
Equal Combining Rule
0.1 0.1
10/10/2017 0 0 41/
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
SNR [ dB ] Normalized Thresold
 COMPRESSIVE SPECTRUM SENSING
-FFS Cooperative Sensing Study (Narrowband)

Effect of Shadowing Effect of number of cooperative nodes

0.9 0.7
Shadowed nodes =1
0.8 Shadowed nodes =2
Number of Cooperative nodes = 1
Shadowed nodes =5 0.6
Number of Cooperative nodes = 2

)
)

0.7 Shadowed nodes =8

FA
FA

Number of Cooperative nodes = 4

Probability of False Alarm ( P

Probability of False Alarm (P

0.5 Number of Cooperative nodes = 10

0.6

0.5 0.4

0.4 0.3

0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1

0 0
-24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10
SNR [ dB ] SNR [ dB ]

1
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
Probability of Detection (P )

Probability of Detection ( P )
D

D
0.7 0.8

0.6
0.7
0.5

0.4 0.6

0.3
Shadowed nodes =1 0.5 Number of Cooperative nodes = 1
Shadowed nodes =2 Number of Cooperative nodes = 2
0.2
Shadowed nodes =5 Number of Cooperative nodes = 4
0.4
0.1 Shadowed nodes =8 Number of Cooperative nodes = 10
10/10/2017 42/
0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
SNR [ dB ] SNR [ dB ]
 COMPRESSIVE SPECTRUM SENSING
-FFS Cooperative Sensing Study (Wideband)
Effect of Sensing Bandwidth
0.1

0.09 Number of Bands = 2

Number of Bands = 4
0.08 Number of Bands = 6

)
FA
Probability of False Alarm ( P
0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
-20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14
SNR [ dB ]

0.9

0.8
Probability of Detection ( P )
D

0.7

0.6

0.5 Number of Bands = 2 (Max)

Number of Bands = 2 (Mean)
0.4 Number of Bands = 2 (Min)
Number of Bands = 4 (Max)
0.3 Number of Bands = 4 (Mean)
Number of Bands = 4 (Min)
0.2
Number of Bands = 6 (Max)
Number of Bands = 6 (Mean)
0.1
10/10/2017 Number of Bands = 6 (Min) 43/
0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
SNR [ dB ]
 COMPRESSIVE SPECTRUM SENSING
- Outline

Feasibility Study

Parameter Impact Study

Cooperative sensing scheme

Analytical Study

10/10/2017 44/
 FFS PERFORMANCE ANALYTICAL STUDY
- Outline

Frequency Identification
Isolation Performance
Bit testing probability of success

Coefficient Estimation
Optimal averaging and median window size
Iterative estimation performance
Norm estimation performance bounds

10/10/2017 45/
 FFS PERFORMANCE ANALYTICAL STUDY
- Frequency Identification Overview
Received 1
Even Frequenci Filters
1
Odd Frequencies Filter

Signal

b=0

b=0
0.5 0.5

0 0

1 1

b=1

b=1
0.5 0.5

0 0

1 1

w w

b=2

b=2
0.5 0.5
10 20 30 40 50 60
0 0

1 1

b=3

b=3
0.5 0.5

0 0
1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample) Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)

Filter Bank

Random Sample
Sampling Shattering Bit testing

w1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

w2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

:
10/10/2017 w8 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 46/1
 FFS PERFORMANCE ANALYTICAL STUDY
- Frequency Identification Performance
1 10
7
Simulation, K = 64
0.9 Simulation, K = 128

]
min
6
Simulation, K = 256 10
Probability of Isolating All Frequencies

The Minimum Size for Bank of Filters [K

0.8 Simulation, K = 512
What is the
0.7 What is the Simulation, K = 1024
Analytical, K = 64 10
5

Analytical, K = 128 minimum Filter-bank size

0.6
probability of isolating Analytical, K = 256
Analytical, KK=
512
10
4

0.5
K
m
needed to isolate
pm, k m m mfrequencies
K Analytical, K = 1024

3
10

K m
of filter
0.4

K m m frequencies
0.3
usinge a. bank 10
2

0.2 with probability 0.9 Probability of Isolation =0.9

0.1 of size K? 10
1
Probability of Isolation =0.99
Probability of Isolation =0.999
0
0 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of Frequencies [m] Number of Frequencies [m]
5
x 10
400 2
K = 64
1.8
Estimated Number of Isolated Frequencies

K = 128
Ei 1, m
350
K = 256
K = 64 1.6 K = 512
K = 128 Complexity [ n . K . log( K ) ]
300
i 1
Ei 1, m E j 1, m
K = 1024
m s K = 256 s 1.4
What m! is the
1 1 What is the
E s, m K
K = 512
250
1 K = 1024 1.2 j 1
200 expecteds! (m s)!
number Kof K 1 optimum filter-bank size

i 1
m E j 1, m 1

i 1 1
m E 1, m .1
j 1

150 isolated frequencies

1
m 1 0.8
For
a given number
j 1
j
K of
For Ea 1given
, m m.1 0.6
100
filter
bank K size K? 0.4 Frequency components?
50
10/10/2017 0.2
Complexity = n. K. log(K) 47/
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Number of Frequencies [m] Number of Frequencies [m]
 FFS PERFORMANCE ANALYTICAL STUDY
- Freq.Ident. Performance (Bit Testing)
1 1 4
4
3
3
0.5 0.5 2
2

+
1

+
1
0 0 0
0
-1
-1

-0.5 -2

-3
Even -0.5
-2

-3

-4
-1 -4 -1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Odd -1

-2

-3

-4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

2.5 2 = 1
Probability 2 = 0.01
2 = 0.0001
density 2

function of a
1.5
noisy
pdf (x)
Y

sinusoidal 1

signal
random 0.5

sample
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
X

10/10/2017 48/
 FFS PERFORMANCE ANALYTICAL STUDY
- Freq.Ident. Performance (Bit Testing)
1.5

1
pdf( |Y| )

0.5

*
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
|Y|

6
pdf( | | )

5
+

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
|+|

p Z x pY x p x 0.95

Bit Testing Probability of Success

0.9
x a . 2
0.85
M f x . 1 2 22
.d
i i e 0.8
i 1 2 2
2 0.75

2 x . 2 0.7

M 1 2 22 1 2 22
e . e .d 0.65

M i 1 2 22 2 22 0.6

0.55

0.5
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Noise Variance [dB]
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 FFS PERFORMANCE ANALYTICAL STUDY
- Coefficient Estimation Overview

1
Received
0 c1
Signal
c2
..
-1

-2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Random
Sampling Correlation c8

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 w1

Random
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 w2 Sample
Generation

: For
Different :
Frequencies
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 w8
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 FFS PERFORMANCE ANALYTICAL STUDY
- Coefficient Estimation Performance
Before Permutation After Permutation 1
0.03 0.03
0.5

Probability of Failure Accuracy

Signal Level

Signal Level
0.02 0.02
0

0.01

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0.01

0
0 200 400 600
-0.5

800-10 1000

Time Index Time Index
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
10 10
K=10
0.9
Fourier Coefficient

Fourier Coefficient

8 8
K=100
6

4
6

4
Correlation Samples
0.8 K=1000
2 2
Average window How
size to find K=10000

Probability of Failure []
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0.7
theK=5
Frequency Index Frequency Index

optimum values of K and L

Averaging Averaging Averaging 0.6

0.5
to minimize complexity?
0.4

Mean
0.3 Samples
Answer:
Minimize
Median
0.2
complexity
window size function K.L so that
L=3 K
p fy i 1 p fy K i
0.1 K
Median
0
0.1 0.2
i K 1 / 0.4
0.3
i0.5ofFailure0.6for Yw [pfy0.7] 0.8 0.9
2Probability 1

Estimation Samples

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 FFS PERFORMANCE ANALYTICAL STUDY
- Coefficient Estimation Performance
Before Permutation After Permutation 1
0.03 0.03 6
0.5
10
K= 1
Signal Level

Signal Level
0.02 0.02
0 K= 3
0.01 0.01 K= 5

The Total Number of Samples [K.L]

-0.5
K= 7
5
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
0 200 400 600 800-10 1000
2 4 6 8 10 12 10 K= 9
Time Index Time Index

10 10
Fourier Coefficient

Fourier Coefficient

8 8

4
6

4
Correlation Samples
4
10
2

0
2

0
Average window size
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency Index Frequency Index
K=5
Averaging Averaging Averaging 3
10

2
10
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Probability of Failure []

Optimal Window Size Settings

Median
1
4
L 2 ~ 2

Estimation Samples 1 1
K 7 ln 1 ~ ln

10/10/2017 52/
 CONCLUSION

10/10/2017 53/
 Conclusion
This presentation explored the design and implementation of
cognitive radio on small form factor software radio platforms
based on hybrid DSP/FPGA processing architecture.
Configurability and spectrum sensing are fundamental aspects of
this technology.
The study undertaken was two fold.
One investigated the efficient design and implementation of a
configurable cognitive radio transceiver using hardware reuse and
task partitioning techniques.
The other examined the feasibility of using a fast, resource-efficient
sensing technique, namely Fast Fourier Sampling (FFS), for
spectrum sensing.
Future Studies
Energy consumption analysis of the configurable transceiver design,
Exploiting the parallelism of Fast Fourier sampling techniques,
Combining narrowband and wideband cooperative spectrum sensing
techniques.
10/10/2017 54/
 Publications- Journals
Tachwali, Y.; Basma, F.; Barnes, J; Refai, H., COOPERATIVE FAST FOURIER
SAMPLING FOR SPECTRUM SENSING IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS,
submitted to IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Signal Processing. Special issue
on Signal Processing in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Systems 2010.
Tachwali, Y.; Basma, Fadi.; Refai, H.; ADAPTABILITY AND
CONFIGURABILITY OF COGNITIVE RADIO ON HYBRID SOFTWARE
RADIO PLATFORM, submitted to Springer Wireless Personal Communications,
Special Issue on Cooperative Radio Networks and Communications, Springer
2010.
Tachwali, Y.; Basma, F.; Refai, H., COGNITIVE RADIO ARCHITECTURE FOR
RAPIDLY DEPLOYABLE HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS,
submitted to IEEE Transaction in Consumer Electronics 2010.
Tachwali, Y.; Barnes, W.J.; Refai, H.; CONFIGURABLE BIT
SYNCHRONIZERS FOR SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO, Journal of Network
and Computer Applications. Elsevier. Volume 32, Issue 3, May 2009, Pages: 607-
615.
Tachwali, Y.; Refai, H.; SYSTEM PROTOTYPE FOR VEHICLE COLLISION
AVOIDANCE USING WIRELESS SENSORS EMBEDDED AT
INTERSECTOINS, Journal of the Franklin Inst. Elsevier. Volume 346, No. 5,
2009, Pages 488-499.

10/10/2017 55/
 Publications-Conferences
Tachwali, Y.; Barnes, J; Basma, F.; Refai, H., "The Feasibility of Fast Fourier Sampling Technique for
Wireless Microphone Detection in IEEE 802.22 Air Interface," to appear at IEEE INFOCOM 2010.
Tachwali, Y.; Basma, F.; Barnes, J; Refai, H., Wireless Microphone Signal Detection using a Compressive
Sensing Technique for IEEE 802.22 to appear on 20th Virginia Tech Wireless Symposium, Blacksburg,
VA, June 2010.
Basma, F.; Tachwali,Y.; Refai, H.; Sparger, K.; Data Collection and Monitoring using Cellular Wireless
Network: GSM to appear at IEEE ICT 2010.
Tachwali, Y.; Chmeiseh, M.; Basma, F.; Refai, H., "A Frequency Agile Implementation for IEEE 802.22
Using Software Defined Radio Platform," Global Telecommunications Conference, 2008. IEEE
GLOBECOM 2008. IEEE , vol., no., pp.1-6, Nov. 30 2008-Dec. 4 2008.
Barnes, W. J; Tachwali, Y.; Refai, H., "A Configurable Symbol Synchronizer for Digital Systems," Global
Telecommunications Conference, 2008. IEEE GLOBECOM 2008. IEEE , vol., no., pp.1-5, Nov. 30 2008-
Dec. 4 2008.
Tachwali, Y.; Basma, F.; Chmeiseh, M.; Refai, H., "Design and implementation of online mode switching
on hybrid software radio platforms," Military Communications Conference, 2008. MILCOM 2008. IEEE ,
vol., no., pp.1-7, 16-19 Nov. 2008.
Tachwali, Y.; Refai, H., "Implementation of a BPSK Transceiver on Hybrid Software Defined Radio
Platforms," Information and Communication Technologies: From Theory to Applications, 2008. ICTTA
2008. 3rd International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1-5, 7-11 April 2008.
Tachwali, Y.; Refai, H.; Fagan, J.E., "Minimizing HVAC Energy Consumption Using a Wireless Sensor
Network," Industrial Electronics Society, 2007. IECON 2007. 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE, vol.,
no., pp.439-444, 5-8 Nov. 2007.
Tachwali, Y.; Refai, H.; Vehicle Collision Avoidance System Using Wireless Embedded Systems
Mechatronics Symposium, American University of Sharjah, UAE 2007.
Chen, X.; Tachwali, Y.; Refai, H.; Ma, X.; Impact of EIFS on IEEE 802.11 DCF Performance.
Mechatronics Symposium, American University of Sharjah, UAE 2007

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 Thank You
Questions?

10/10/2017 57/