WOOD

- DEFECTS AND
CONSERVATION

PRESENTATION BY:
GOWTHAMAN
 CONTENT

TYPES OF WOOD USED IN CONSTRUCTION

DEFECTS AND INFECTIONS IN TIMBER

TIMBER SEASONING

PRESERVATION OF TIMBER

CASE STUDY
 TYPES OF WOOD USED IN CONSTRUCTION

1. TEAK WOOD:

The wood which is extracted from broad-leaved deciduous trees Tectona Grandis teak
is called Teak Wood. Teak is a Hardwood and has rich oil content with high tensile
strength when compared with the other types of wood. It is very durable and it can last
long for 100 years. As mentioned every wood requires Seasoning. Wood in construction
is used only after proper Seasoning.
Where to use?

As it is capable of resisting all type of climatic conditions, It is highly durable and resists
the moisture content during rains.

This type of wood is Majorly used in Outside doors which are prone to atmospheric
climatic conditions and Furniture in Lawns, Gardens etc.,

The cost of teak wood is much higher when compared with the other types of woods.

The Density of teak Wood = 700 to 850 Kg/Cu.M

A good teak has more density. More denser more the Strength.

Colour: Yellow to Dark brown colour

Advantages:

Natural resistance to termites and insects: As mentioned Teak has a Natural Oil content
in it, It resists the damage of wood by termites and other fungal insects.
Density: The density is much higher in teak which resists the Rot and decay of wood.
Moisture resistant.
Can be easily hand carved
Heat moderation: this kind of wood wont become too hot in summers and too hot in
winters.No need of painting.
Self Finished material and softymaterial.
Less maintenance and requires less polishing.
Teak wood is easy to handle, polish and work with so a lot of carved designs are made
using this.

Disadvantages:
The major disadvantage is it very expensive.
Limited unavailability
Hard to find good quality of wood.
Woodworking Tools get blunted: As the wood itself is very strong it often makes wooden
tools to blunt and it requires frequent sharpening of tools.
2. SAL WOOD:
The wood which is originated from Sal Tree is called Sal wood. It is less expensive when
compared with the Teak. Sal Trees are Straight & cylindrical in the shape they can grow
up longer heights. So we can extract good wood with longer lengths.

Where to use?

Sal wood is used for Inside doors and windows frames, Tool handles, etc.
It is not much hard when compared with the Teak wood and requires termite control. they
are 30-40% heavier than teak but its 20% less hard than teak.
Density of Sal wood = 800 to 900 Kg/Cu.M
Advantages:

They can be easily available in longer lengths.

They are moisture resistant.

Polishing not required but Painting is required.

Less expensive when compared with Teak wood.

Easily available.

Disadvantages:

It requires termite control.

Direct sunlight is avoided on Sal wood as this may lead to form Cracks in Wood.

Sal wood Surface has small cracks and these are filled by Paint.

Finishing requires paint.

3. PLY WOOD:
It is a Strong thin board of wood and made up of three or more layers of wood and these
layers are glued on top of one another with alternating grains. As it is an engineered
Wood by the perpendicular graining, it is more hard wearing and long-lasting than normal
wood.

Where to use?

The only wood which we can increase the Strength is Plywood. But how? well, Plywood
not only has the strength of the wood that its made of, but its modified to make it even
longer lasting. When you place two or more lengths of board on top of one another with
alternating grains, it prevents the wood from being able to snap with any ease. The more
layers of wood used, the stronger the plywood.

This type of wood is used in partitions, cardboards, furniture etc..

There are different types of Plywood based on the strength of the material used.

Softwood Plywood, Hardwood Plywood, Aircraft Plywood, Decorative Plywood, Flexible

Plywood, Marine Plywood.

Density of Ply wood = 500 to 650 Kg/Cu.M

Advantages:

Insulation Material: Plywood has a property of Insulation, As it acts as an insulation for

rains, high humidity etc. It also possesses a good Thermal and Sound Insulation property.
Strength: Plywood can easily bear heavy objects. As mentioned, it is glued on top of one
another with alternating grains. Due to this nature, It transfers the load easier to all area of
Plywood.
Flexibility: As its an engineered product it can be modified to any desired shape as per
client requirement. It can be easily modified to take on any piece of construction

Disadvantages:

It is found that plywood emits Volatile Organic Compound.

Plywood becomes heavy in contact with water and it should be covered when left outside
to avoid the risk of absorption.
4. NOVA-PAN WOOD/ MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBER-BOARD (MDF):

Nova-Pan Particle Boards are one of the best substitutes for plywood and other types of
wood which we generally used for construction this wood is made up of residuals
(wastage) generated from Hardwood or Softwood & mixed with binders (Wax or Resins)
under High temperature and pressure to form wooden fibres. this is the cheapest wood
which is available in the market. Its an eco-friendly product and uses less energy for
making boards. These are usually made in panels and can be cut off in any desired
shape.

The density of Nova-Pan Wood = 500 to 1000 Kg/Cu.M

More Denser more the strength and these are available in three types light, standard and
high density.

Where to use?

Nova-pan wood is labelled with two colours, if it is labelled with green colour then it is a
moisture resistant and if it is red then its a fire retardant. This type of wood is used in
making furniture which makes cheap and less expensive. (Types of Woods used in
construction)
Advantages:

Very Cheap when compared with other natural woods.

It doesnt have any grains, Its an isotropic wood (properties are same in all directions)
It wont contracts or expands according to atmospheric conditions.
Finishing is great when compared with Plywood.

Disadvantages:

Light grade Nova-pan may swells when in contact with water.

It may shrink in low atmospheric conditions.
5. RUBBER WOOD:

This type of wood is not recommended for construction purposes. This type of wood is
used in furniture. It has very less strength when compared with other woods.

Density of Rubber wood = 450-600 Kg/Cu.M

Advantages:
It very cheap wood when compared with other woods.
Easily available.
Less density suitable for light furniture.
Its an Eco-friendly product.
Wraps less.

Disadvantages:
Harmful to health according to research studies rubber wood is most harmful wood
which may cause severe allergies.
Easily prone to fungus when in contact with water. (Types of Woods used in
construction).
 DEFECTS AND INFECTIONS IN TIMBER

DEFINITION:
A DEFECT IS AN IRREGULARITY OR ABNORMALITY
OCCURING IN OR ON WOOD WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS

STRENGTH REDUCTION
LOWERING OF DURABLITY
LOWERING OF UTILITY
POOR APPERANCE
DECAY
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF DEFECTS

(CAUSED DUE TO)

NATURAL FORCES INSECTS SEASONING

FUNGI CONVERSION
 CHEMICAL STAIN

KNOTS

SHAKES

DEFECTS DUE
TO NATURAL TWISTED FIBRES
FORCES
RIND GALLS

UPSETS

BURLS
CHEMICAL STAIN:-

THE WOOD IS SOMETIMES DISCOLOURED

BY THE CHEMICAL ACTION CAUSED WITH IT
BY SOME EXTERNAL AGENCY.THIS IS
KNOWN AS CHEMICAL STAIN.

RIND GALLS:-

THE RIND MEANS BARK AND GALL INDICATES

ABNORMAL GROWTH.HENCE PECULIAR CURVED
SWELLING FOUND ON THE BODY OF TREE ARE
KNOWN AS RIND GALL.THEY DEVELOPE AT
POINTS FROM WHERE BRANCHES ARE
IMPROPERLY CUT OFF OR REMOVED.THEY ARE
RARELY FOUND IN A TREE AND THE TIMBER IN
THIS PART IS VERY WEAK AND NOT DURABLE.
COARSE GRAIN:-

IF THE TREE GROWS RAPIDLY,THE ANNUAL RINGS ARE WIDENED.IT IS

KNOWN AS THE COARSED GRAIN TIMBER AND SUCH TIMBER POSSESSES
LESS STRENGTH

KNOTS:-

THESE ARE THE BASES OF BRANCHES OR LIMBS

WHICH ARE BROKEN OR CUT OFF FROM THE
TREE.THE PORTION FROM WHICH THE BRANCH
IS REMOVED RECIEVES NOURISHMENT FROM
THE STEM FOR A PRETTY LONG TIME AND IT
ULTIMATELY RESULTS IN FORMATION OF DARK
HARD RINGS WHICH ARE KNOWN AS KNOTS.AS
CONTINUITY OF WOOD FIBRES ARE BROKEN BY
KNOTS,THEY FORM A SOURCE OF WEAKNESS
 CLASSIFICATION ON SIZE BASIS

PIN KNOT:- DIAMETRE UPTO 6.50MM

SMALL KNOT:- DIAMETRE UPTO 6.5 AND 20MM
MEDIUM KNOT:- DIAMETER BETWEEN 20 AND 40MM
LARGE KNOT:- DIAMETER GREATER THAN 40MM

CLASSIFICATION ON FORM AND QUALITY BASIS

DEAD KNOT:-
KNOT WHICH IS SEPERATED FROM BODY OF WOOD.IT IS NOT SAFE TO USE WOOD WITH
SUCH A KNOT FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES.

DECAYED KNOT:-
POPULARLY KNOWN AS UNSOUND KNOTAND FORM BY ACTION OF FUNGI ON WOOD.

LIVE KNOT:-
IT IS THOROUGHLY FIXED IN WOOD AND CANNOT SEPERATED OUT FROM BODY OF
WOOD.IT IS FREE FROM CRACKS AND DECAY.WOOD CONTAINING THIS KNOT CAN BE
USED FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES.

LOOSE KNOT:- IT IS PRELIMINARY STAGE OF DEAD KNOT.

ROUND KNOT:- THE CROSS-SECTION OF THIS TYPE OF KNOT IS EITHER ROUND OR OVAL

TIGHT KNOT:- IT IS PRELIMINARY STAGE OF LIVE KNOT.THE FIBRES OF KNOT ARE FIRMLY
HELD IN SORROUNDING WOOD.
DEAD WOOD:-

THE TIMBER WHICH IS OBTAINED FROMDEAD STANDING TREES

CONTAINS DEAD WOOD.IT IS INDICATED BY LIGHT WEIGHT AND
REDDISH COLOUR.

DRUXINESS:-

THIS DEFECT IS INDICATED BY WHITE DECAYED SPOTS WHICH ARE CONCEALED BY

HEALTHY WOOD THEY ARE PROBABLY FORMED BY ACCESS OF FUNGI.

SHAKES:-

THESE ARE LONGITUDINAL SEPERATIONS IN WOOD

BETWEEN THE ANNUAL RINGS.THESE ARE CRACKS WHICH
PARTLY OR COMPLETELY SEPARATE FIBRES OF WOOD.THE
SEPERATIONS MAKE THE WOOD UNDESIRABLE WHEN
APPERANCE IS IMPORTENT
 TYPES OF SHAKES

STAR SHAKES:-

THESE ARE CRACKS WHICH EXTEND FROM BARK

TOWARDS THE SAP WOOD.THESE ARE USUALLY
CONFINED UPTO THE PLANE OF SAP WOOD.THESE ARE
WIDER ON OUTSIDE ENDS AND NARROWER ON INSIDE
ENDS.THEY ARE USUALLYFORMED DUE TO EXTREME
HEAT OR SEVERE FROST DURING THE GROWTH OF TREE

CUP SHAKES:-

IT APPEARS AS CURVED SPLIT WHICH PARTLY OR

WHOLLY SEPERATES ANNUAL RINGS FROM ONE
ANOTHER.IT IS CAUSED DUE TO EXCESSIVE FROST
ACTION ON SAP PRESENT IN THE TREE ESPECIALLY
WHEN THE TREE IS YOUNG
HEART SHAKES:-

THESE CRACKS OCCUR IN CENTRE OF CROSS-SECTION OF

TREE AND THEY EXTEND FROM PITH TO SAP WOOD IN
DIRECTION OF MEDULLARY RAYS.THESE CRACKS OCCUR
DUE TO SHRINKAGE OF INTERIOR PART OF TREE WHICH IS
APPROACHING MATURITY.THE HEART SHAKE DIVIDE THE
TREE CROSS-SECTION INTO TWO OR FOUR PARTS.

RING SHAKES:-

WHEN CUP SHAKES COVER THE ENTIRE ,THEY

ARE KNOWN AS RING SHAKES.
TWISTED FIBRES:-

THESE ARE KNOWN AS WANDERING HEARTS AND CAUSED BY

TWISTING OF YOUNG TREES BY FAST BLOWING WIND.THE TIMBERS
WITH TWISTED FIBRES IS UNSUITABLE FOR SAWING

UPSETS:-

THESE INDICATE WOOD FIBRES WHICH ARE INJURED BY

CRUSHING OR COMPRESSION.THE UPSETS ARE MAINLY
DUE TO IMPROPER FELLING OF TREE AND EXPOSURE OF
TREE IN ITS YOUNG AGE TO FAST BLOWING WIND

BURLS:-

THEY ARE PARTICULARLY FORMED WHEN A TREE

RECIEVES SHOCK OR INJURY IN ITS YOUNG AGE.DUE TO
ITS INJURY,THE GROWTH OF TREE IS COMPLETELY UPSET
AND IRREGULAR PROJECTIONS APPEAR ON THE BODY OF
TIMBER
 DEFECTS DUE TO FUNGI

BLUE STAIN BROWN ROT DRY ROT HEART ROT WET ROT WHITE ROT
BLUE STAIN :-

THE SAP OF WOOD IS STAINED TO BLUISH COLOUR BY THE

ACTION OF CERTAIN TYPE OF FUNGI.

BROWN ROT :-

THE TERM ROT IS USED TO INDICATE DECAY OR DISEASE OF

TIMBER,THE FUNGI OF CERTAIN TYPE REMOVES CELLULOSE
COMPOUNDS FROM WOOD AND HENCE WOOD ASSUMES THE
BROWN COLOUR.

WHITE ROT:-

IT IS JUST OPPOSITE OF BROWN ROT.IN THIS CERTAIN

TYPE OF FUNGI ATTACK LIGNIN OF WOOD AND WOOD
ASSUMES THE APPEARANCE OF A WHITE MASS
CONSISTING OF CELLULOSE COMPOUNDS.
HEART ROT:-

THIS IS FORMED WHEN BRANCH HAS COME OUT OF THE

TREE.IN SUCH CASE,THE HEART WOOD IS EXPOSED TO
ATTACK OF ATMOSPHERIC AGENTS.ULTIMATELY THE TREE
BECOMES WEAK AND IT GIVES HOLLOW SOUND WHEN
STRUK WITH HAMMER.

WET ROT:-

SOME KIND OF FUNGI CAUSEDCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION

OF WOOD OF TIMBER AND IN DOING SO CONVERT TIMBER
INTO GREYISH BROWN POWDER.IT IS KNOWN AS WET ROT.
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED ABOUT WET
ROT ARE.

THE ALTERNATE WET AND DRY CONDITIONS FAVOURS THE DEVELOPMENT OF

WET ROT
IF UNSEASONED OR IMPROPERLY SEASONED TIMBER ARE EXPOSED TO RAIN
AND WIND,THEY BECOME EASILY LIABLE FOR ATTACK OF WET ROT.
TO PREVENT WET ROT,THE WELL SEASONED TIMBER SHOULD BE USED FOR
EXTERIOR WORK OR FOR UNDERGROUND WORK AND IT SHOULD BE COVERED
BY TAR OR PAINT FOR PROTECTION AGAINST MOISTURE.
DRY ROT :-

SOME TYPES OF FUNGI FEED ON WOODS AND

DURING FEEDING THEY ATTACK ON WOOD AND
CONVERT IT INTO DRY POWDER FORM.THIS IS
KNOWN AS DRY ROT.THE FOLLOWING FACTS TO BE
NOTED.

DRY ROT OCCURS AT THE PLACES WHERE THERE IS NO FREE CIRCULATION OF AIR SUCH AS
IMPROPERLY VENTILATED BASEMENTS,ROOMS ETC AND DAMPED SITUATION LIKE KITCHEN
TOILET ETC.

THE UNSESONED SAP WOOD ARE EASILY ATTACKED BY DRY ROT.

THE FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR GROWTH OF FUNGUS CAUSING DRY ROT ARE ABSENCE
OF SUNLIGHT,DAMPNESS,PRESENCE OF SAP,STAGNANT AIR AND WARMTH.

IT IS ALSO CAUSED BY CHARRING,PAINTING AND TARRING THE UNSEASONED TIMBER.

THE DRY ROT MAY BE PREVENTED BY USING WELL SEASONED TIMBER FREE FROM SAP.

WHEN A PART OF TREE IS SERIOUSLY AFFECTED BY DRY ROT,THE DAMAGED PORTION MAY BE
COMPLETELY REMOVED AND REMAINING UNAFFECTED PORTION SHOULD BE PAINTED WITH A
SOLUTION OF COPPER SULPHATE.
 DEFECTS DUE TO INSECTS

(CAUSED BY)

BEETLES MARINE BOARERS TERMITES

 DEFECTS DUE TO INSECTS

DEFECTS CAUSED BY BEETLES

Flour like
powder

THEY FORM PIN HOLES OF SIZE ABOUT 2MM DIA IN WOOD

TUNNEL FORMATION IS DONE IN SAP WOOD BY LARVAE OF BEETLE
CONVERSION OF TIMBER INTO FLOUR LIKE POWDER
THEY DO NOT DISTURB OUTER SHELL OR COVER
 DEFECTS DUE TO MARINE BOARERS

BOARS

THEY ARE FOUND IN SALTY WATER

THEY FORM TUNNELS OR BORES TO TAKE SHELTERS
DIAMETER AND LENGTH OF HOLES ARE AS HIGH AS 25MM AND 60 MM
RESPECTIVELY
AFFECTED WOOD LOOSES ITS COLOUR AND STRENGTH
NO TIMBER IS COMPLETELY IMMUNE FROM ATTACK OF MARINE BOARERS
 DEFECTS CAUSED BY TERMITES

LIVES IN COLONY AND VERY FAST IN EATING AWAY THE WOOD FROM CORE OF
CROSS-SECTION.
MAKES TUNNELS IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS AND USUALLY NOT DISTURB THE
OUTER SHELL OR COVER.
THE TIMBER PIECE ATTACKED BY TERMITES MAY LOOK SOUND UNTILL IT
COMPLETELY FAILS
FEW GOOD TIMBERS LIKE TEAK,SAL,ETC CAN RESIST THE ACTION OF TERMITES
 DEFECTS DUE TO CONVERSION

CHIP MARK DIAGONAL GRAIN TORN GRAIN WANE

 DEFECTS DUE TO CONVERSION

CHIP MARK:-

THIS DEFECT IS INDICATED BY MARK OR SIGNS

PLACED ON FINISHED SURFACE OF
TIMBER.THEY MAY BE FORMED BY PLANING
MACHINE

WANE:-

THIS DEFECT IS DENOTED BY

PRESENCE OF ORIGINAL ROUNDED
SURFACE ON MANUFACTURED PART OF
TIMBER
DIAGONAL GRAIN:-

THE DEFECT IS FORMED DUE TO IMPROPER

SAWING SAWING OF TIMBER.IT IS INDICATED
BY DIAGONAL MARKS ON STRAIGHT
GRAINED SURFACE OF TIMBER

TORN GRAIN:-

DEFECT CAUSED WHEN A SMALL DEPRESSION

IS FORMED ON A FINISHED SURFACE OF
TIMBER BY FALLING A TIMBER OR SO

TORN
GRAIN
 DEFECTS DUE TO SEASONING

TWIST CUP BOW SPRING SPLIT HONEY COMBING

 DEFECTS DUE TO SEASONING

BOW:-

THIS DEFECT IS INDICATED BY CURVATURE

FORMED IN DIRECTION OF LENGTH OF TIMBER

CUP:-

THIS DEFECT IS INDICATED BY CURVATURE FORMED

IN TRANSVERSE DIRECTION OF TIMBER

CHECK:-

A CRACK WHICH SEPERATES FIBRES

OF WOOD.IT DOES NOT EXTEND
FROM ONE END TO THE OTHER

SPLIT:-

WHEN CHECK EXTENDS FROM ONE END TO

CHECK SPLIT
OTHER,IT IS KNOWN AS A SPLIT
 TWIST:-

WHEN A PIECE OF TIMBER HAS

SPIRALLY DISTORTED ALONG ITS
LENGTH,IT IS KNOWN AS A TWIST.

HONEY-COMBING:-

DUE TO STRESS DEVOLOPED DURING

DRYING,VARIOUS RADIAL AND
CIRCULAR CRACKS DEVELOP IN THE
INTERIOR PORTION OF TIMBER,WHICH
RESEMBLES WITH HONEY-COMB
TEXTURE
HONEY-COMB
STRUCTURE
 TIMBER SEASONING
When timber is first felled it is known as green timber and has a very high moisture content
approx 50%

Before it can be used it must be dried.

If this process is not controlled properly defects can occur that can ruin good timber.

Aim of seasoning is to dry out the wood to a suitable moisture content of 22% or less.

Reasons for Seasoning

Seasoning is the controlled process of reducing the moisture content (MC) of the timber so that
it is suitable for the environment and intended use.

Wood will dry naturally so seasoning helps us to control the process and keep the timber more
stable and more useful.

Prevents splitting

Prevents a lot of fungal and insect attacks

It is less lightly to distort or warp later

After seasoning timber is easier to work with, because it is lighter, harder and stronger.
Types of Seasoning

Natural / Air Seasoning

Kiln Seasoning

Air Seasoning

With this process the timber is roughly sawn to size and stacked using spacers called
stickers, with the timber stacked in the open air.
Vertical spacing achieved by using timber battens (25mm) of the same species. The piling
sticks should be spaced close enough to prevent bowing (600 to 900 mm centres) This allows
the free movement of air.
The stack should be protected from the direct influence of the elements.
The ends of the beams must be painted to prevent splitting.
Advantages

No expensive equipment needed

Small labour cost once stack is made

Environmentally friendly- uses little energy

Disadvantages

Slow drying rate

Large area of space required for a lot of timber

Only dries the timber to approximately 20% M.C. so leaving it open to some insect and
fungal attacks while it is only suitable for outdoor joinery.
Kiln Seasoning
There are two main types of kiln used in artificial seasoning

Compartmental Kilns
Progressive Kilns.

Both methods rely on the controlled environment to dry out the timber and require the
following factors:
Forced air circulation by using large fans, blowers, etc.
Heat of some form provided by piped steam.
Humidity control provided by steam jets.
The amount and duration of air, heat and humidity again depends on species, size, quantity,
etc. In general, the atmosphere in the kiln at first will be cool and moist. The temperature is
gradually increased and the humidity reduced until the required moisture content is achieved.
Compartmental Kilns

This kiln is a single enclose container or building, etc.

The timber is stacked same manner as air seasoning

Whole stack is seasoned using a programme of

settings(temperature and humidity) until the whole stack
is reduced to the MC required.

Progressive Kilns

A progressive kiln has the stack on trolleys that

progressively travel through a sequence of chambers.

Each chamber has varying atmospheres that change the

MC of the timber stack as it travels through.

Advantages of this system- has a continuous flow of

seasoned timber coming off line
Advantages

Quicker due to higher temperatures, ventilation and air circulation

Achieve a lower moisture content

Defects associated with drying can be controlled

Allows more precise rates of drying for various timber species and thickness of boards

Disadvantages
Is expensive

Requires supervision by a skilled operator

Uses a lot of energy

Finding the MC

A moisture meter is most commonly used to establish the MC of a particular batch of

timber. These meters are usually attached to two probes which send an electrical signal
through the wood. Water is a conductor of electricity and therefore the more water
present the higher the conductivity and this can be read from the display.

Another method of establishing the MC is to remove random samples from the stack.
Each of the samples are placed on a micro scales and their weight recorded. The
samples are then placed in an oven or microwave until the moisture has evaporated. The
samples are then weighted again and their dry weight recorded. The %MC is obtained by
the formulae

Wet weight dry weight X 100 = %MCdry weight

Find the percentage moisture content of the following sample of wood given
the following information;

Wet weight = 224g Dry weight= 200g

Wet weight dry weight X 100 = %MC dry weight

224 200 X 100 = %MC 200

24 X 100 = %MC 200

0.12 X 100 = %MC

 PRESERVATION OF TIMBER

Preservation of timber is carried out to increase the life of timber.

Preservation is done using different types of preservatives. Methods and different
materials used for preservation of timber is discussed.Increasing life makes timber more
durable and it can be used for longer periods. Preservation also helps the timber to get rid
of insects and fungi etc. If preservation is not done, then wood will be diseased and
damaged badly as shown in figure below.
Properties of Good Preservative for Timber

The preservative used to protect the timber should contain following requirements or properties.

It should be effortlessly and cheaply available.

It should not contain any harmful substances, gases etc.

It should cover larger area with small quantity. Hence, it should be economical.

Decorative treatment or any surface treatment should be allowed on timber after the application of
preservative.

Strength of timber should not be affected by the preservative.

It should not contain any unpleasant smell.

It should not get affected by light, heat, water etc.

It should not get affected by fungi, insects etc. and should also efficient to kill them.

It should not generate flame when contacts with fire.

It should not corrode metals when it makes a contact with them.

The depth of penetration of preservative in wood fibers should be minimum 6mm to 25mm.
Different Types of Preservatives for Timber

Coal tar
ASCU
Chemical slats
Oil paints
Solignum paints
Creosote oil

Coal Tar for Preservation of Timber

Coal tar is heated and obtained liquid hot tar is applied on timber surface using brush. Coal tar contains
unpleasant smell and does not allow paint on it.
So, it is used for door frames, window frames etc. It is very cheap and has good fire resistance.
ASCU Preservative for Timber

ASCU is a special preservative which is available in powder form. It is dissolved in water

to get preservative solution.

It should be added 6 parts by weight of ASCU in 100 parts by weight of water. The final
solution is applied on timber by spraying. This solution does not contain any odor. It is
useful mainly to get rid of from white ants.

ASCU contains hydrated arsenic pent oxide, copper sulphate or blue vitriol and sodium
dichromate or potassium dichromate in it. After applying ASCU, the timber can be coated
with paint, varnished etc.

Chemical Slats for Preservation of Timber

Chemical salts like copper sulphate, mercury chloride and zinc chloride are used as
preservative which can be dissolved in water to get liquid solution. They are odorless and
do not generate flames when contact with fire.
Oil Paints Preservatives for Timber

Oil paints are suitable for well-seasoned wood.

They are generally applied in 2 or 3 coats. Oil
paints prevents timber from moisture. If timber is
not seasoned, then oil paints may lead to decay of
timber by confining sap.

Solignum Paints for Preservation of

Timber

Solignum paints are applied in hot condition using

brush. They are well suitable for preserving timber
from white ants. Solignum paints can be used by
adding color pigments so, the timber has good
appearance.
Creosote Oil for Preservation of Timber

Creosote oil is prepared by the distillation of tar. It is black or brown in color. It contains
unpleasant smell. It is applied in a special manner.
Firstly, the timber is well seasoned and dried. Then, it is placed in airtight chamber and
inside air is pumped out. Finally creosote oil is pumped into the chamber with high
pressure about 0.7 to 1 N/mm2 at a temperature of 50oC.
After allowing it for 2 hours, the timber absorbs creosote oil sufficiently and taken out
from the chamber.
Creosote oil is flammable so, it is not used for timber works in fireplaces. It is generally
used for wood piles, poles, railway sleepers etc.

Methods of Timber Preservation

Brushing

Spraying

Injecting under pressure

Dipping and stepping

Charring

Hot and cold open tank treatment

Brushing of Timber Preservatives

Brushings the simplest method of applying preservatives.

For well-seasoned timber, oil type preservatives are
applied with good quality brushes.

For better results, the applied preservative should in hot

condition. Multiple coats should be applied and certain
time interval should be maintained between successive
coats.

Spraying of Timber Preservatives

Spraying is an effective technique than brushing. In this

case, preservative solution is sprayed on to the surface
using spray gun. It is time saving and quite effective.

Preservative Injecting Under Pressure

The preservative is injected into the timber under high

pressure conditions. Generally, creosote oil is applied in
this manner which is already discussed above. It is costly
treatment process and required special treatment plant.
Dipping and Stepping Method of Timber Preservation

Dipping is another type of preserving in which, timber is dipped directly in the

preservative solution. Hence, the solution penetrates the timber better than the
case of brushing or spraying.
In Some case, the stepping or wetting of timber with preservative solution is
allowed for few days or weeks which is also quite effective process.

Charring Method of Timber Preservation

Charring is nothing but burning of timber surface, which is quite an old method
of preservation of timber.
In this method, the timber surface is wetted for 30 minutes and burnt up to a
depth of 15mm from top surface. The burnt surface protects the inner timber
from white ants, fungi, etc.
This method is not suitable for exterior wood works so, it is applied for wood
fencing poles, telephone pole bottoms etc.

Hot and Cold Open Tank Treatment of Timber

In this method, the timber is placed in an open tank which contains

preservative solution. This solution is then heated for few hours at 85 to 95
degree Celsius. Then, the solution is allowed to cool and timber gets
submerged with this gradual cooling. This type of treatment is generally done
for sap wood.
6 NON TOXIC WOOD
PRESERVATIVES

1. LINSEED OIL
It didnt take early agricultural civilizations
very long to find uses the flax plant. Lots of
uses, actually, including food, medicine, and
fiber.
The oil pressed from flax has also been used
for centuries as a natural wood preservative
because of its ability to penetrate deep into
porous fibers, and protect wood from
moisture and rot.
Raw linseed oil is cold pressed from flax
flower seeds, and purified and refined through
the process of boiling, which eliminates
protein and improves properties like drying
time and finish.
Pure Linseed oil is non-toxic, and safe to use
as a wood preservative in organic garden
structures like raised beds, greenhouses and
chicken coops.
2. TIMBER PRO UV
The clear, non-toxic liquid has no odor, and
with the consistency of water, it can be easily
rolled or brushed onto bare wood. Timber Pro
Internal Wood Stabilizer has a chemical
reaction with naturally existing free alkali in
wood pores. Over time it permanently hardens
into silicate glass crystals that fill the pores,
and help prevent water from soaking into the
wood.
3. TUNG OIL
A natural oil preservative that has been used
to protect and seal wood for centuries.
Tung trees grow primarily in the mountainous
regions of China, and pure tung oil is made by
cold pressing the trees seeds.
Pure tung oil is non-toxic, and safe to use on
organic garden structures that have contact
with food supplies, including raised beds,
chicken coops and greenhouses.
Tung oil seals moisture out of wood and its
elastic properties help it provide continuous
protection, even as wood expands and
contracts in the elements.
4. ECO WOOD TREATMENT
Eco Wood Treatment is a non-toxic, mineral-based
powder that, when mixed with water, permanently
protects wood with one application. The product
penetrates deeply into wood fibers, and never cracks or
peels. Eco Wood Treatment contains only organic
compounds, and is safe to use on garden structures
like raised beds, chicken coops and cedar greenhouses.
Select from a variety of tinted colors, or even create a
custom color so that new wood can be matched with an
existing structure.

5. LIFETIME WOOD TREATMENT

Lifetime Wood Treatment has become a
favorite non-toxic wood preservative for
builders and wood workers around the planet.
Like an heirloom tomato variety, this unique
family recipe has been passed down through
generations of woodworking craftsmen. The
natural formula penetrates wood fibers, and
seals out moisture, plus Lifetime Wood
Treatment creates no toxic residue. It is safe
to use for raised beds, chicken coops,
greenhouses and other organic garden
structures.
6. PINE TAR
Without pine tar, fleets of marauding Nordic vessels might never have
ventured from the safety of harbor, leaving throngs of fur-clad warriors
to instead play chess and write poetry. Pine tar has been used for
hundreds of years to seal and preserve wood, and its still used today
to seal utility poles, roofs, boats, fences, and other outdoor structures
even below ground. Preserving your raised beds with pine tar might
not have such historic implications, but it will safely extend the life of
the wood without contaminating the surrounding soil with toxic
chemicals. Thor would be proud, and perhaps a little curious about the
shiny metal wagon parked in the driveway
Wood preservation Materials
Wood preservation oil
Creosote Oil
Anti Corrosion Treatment Chemical
Anti Scorching Chemical
Copper Chrome Boron
Woodmite treatment Chemicals
Pestofree
Pilot wood preservative
Wood Guard Paint
Terminator
Wood Polish / Varnish
Wood finishing Chemical
Wood termiguard
Barristar wood chemical
Wood color treatment
Anti termite treatment chemical
Evercrete everwood sealers
Pestofree adhesive
Oil Paints
Varnish
Breathes out trapped Moisture oil paints
Wood grain PU Paint
Black Japan Paint
Wood primer
Synthetic Oil Paint
CASE STUDY
MULTI PURPOSE SPORTS HALL BULLY ARENA

1. General information

Date: 2002

Price: 5 mil. CZK (only GLT part of roof)

Design studio: OSA Projekt s.r.o.

Construction company: Ingenia devostavby, Msto Albrechtice, Czech Republic

Location: Kravae, Czech Republic

Materials used: glued laminated timber (120 m3), steel (18000 kg), reinforced concrete

2. Investment design

The main purpose of Bully Arena is to serve as a training ice-hockey hall intended for ice-
hockeyyouth. Now and then exhibition matches or tournaments in various kinds of sports
may be organized there as well as different cultural and social events. The hall capacity is
1000 onlookers, while 650 seated on the main terraces. The icy area may be used for
another 500 people.
3. Bearing system
The main bearing structure of roofing
consists of saddle timber roof truss from
glued laminated timber in combination with
steel rods and steel joints. The trusses are
placed on the dead of concrete columns
by joints; on one truss side there is hard
jointed imposition, on the other side of the
truss there is sliding jointed imposition with
coefficient of friction f=0,15. The material
of timber roof trusses is a glued laminated
timber of CB class, steel S 235, steel of
joints is galvanized by flame.
Longitudinal arc section of the hall
comprises of variable height is timber
columns of the main timber roof trusses.
Height of location of root joints is the same
for all roof trusses.
Spatial bracing of the bearing structure is
secured by transversal steel bracings in
lateral fields
that go from trusses imposition on one
side through roof level towards imposition
of trusses
on the other side. The material of bracings
is steel pole, steel S 235, steel galvanized
by flame.
Trusses exceeding the hall gable (section
100/180/2500 class SII) are supported in
slude by the bearing structure of gables.
7. Erection
THANK YOU