LIMITS ,FITS AND TOLERANCES

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy : it is the degree of closeness of measured value

with the true value.

Precision : It is the degree of closeness of individual

measured value with average value of set of measured
value.
 Interchangeability
To manufacture interchangeable parts precision is
needed.

Interchangeability helps in mass production of

components / products which in turn leads to reduce
cost of production and higher profit margins.
Diagram Illustrating Basic Size
Deviations and Tolerances
 Can we manufacture component with
exact dimension?
Manufacturing exact dimension is impossible due to :

1. Inaccuracies of machine tool

2. Inaccuracies in setting the work to the tool
3. Error in measurement
Terminology Related to Limit System
 Limit System

The system in which a variation in dimension is

accepted is called limit system.
 Limits ( Limits of Sizes)
The two extreme permissible sizes between which
the actual size is contained are called limits.

The maximum size is called the upper limit of size

and the minimum size is called the lower limit of size.
 Tolerance

It is permissible (allowable) variation of a size.

It is the difference between the maximum and

minimum permissible limits of the given size.

It is the difference between the upper and lower

limits of the given size.
 Deviation

It is the algebraic difference between a size

(actual, minimum and maximum) and the
corresponding basic size.
 Actual deviation , Upper deviation and
Lower Deviation
Actual deviation : It is the algebraic difference between
the actual size and the corresponding basic size.

Upper deviation : It is the algebraic difference between

the maximum limit of the size and the corresponding
basic size.

Lower Deviation: It is the algebraic difference between

the minimum limit of the size and the corresponding
basic size.
 Relationship among Upper Deviation
Lower Deviation and Tolerance
For Hole :
ES = EI + IT

For Shaft :
es = ei + IT

Where ,
ES and es = Upper deviation
EI and ei = Lower deviation
 Allowance
Dimensional difference between the maximum
material limits of the mating parts.
It is the difference between maximum material limit of
hole and Maximum material limit of shaft.

It is the difference between minimum limit of size of

hole and Maximum limit of size of shaft

Positive allowance shows minimum clearance

Negative allowance shows maximum interference.
 Basic Size and Actual Size

Basic Size : It is determined solely from design

calculations.

Actual size : It is the size obtained after manufacture.

Tolerances Applicable to Different Processes
Process wise variation in tolerance
with size
Recommendation for
selection of grade
Tolerance Zone Position
Tolerance Zone Position for Hole
Tolerance Zone Position for Shaft
Fundamental Tolerance
Fundamental Tolerance
Fundamental Deviations for Shaft
Fundamental Deviations for Shaft
Fundamental Deviations for Shaft
Fundamental Deviations for Shaft
Fundamental Deviations for Hole
Fundamental Deviations for Hole
Fundamental Deviations for Hole
Fundamental Deviations for Hole
Placing limit Dimensions
Placing limit Dimensions
Placing limit Dimensions
Placing limit Dimensions
 Types of Fit
The relation between two mating parts is known as
fit.

1. Clearance fit

2. Transition fit

3. Interference fit
 Clearance Fit
It is a fit which gives clearance between the
two mating parts.

Maximum and minimum clearance.

 Interference Fit
It is a fit which gives interference between the
two mating parts.

Maximum and minimum interference.

 Transition Fit
It is a fit which may result in either clearance
or interference between the two mating
parts.

Maximum interference and clearance.

Types of fit
 Hole basis system
Size of the shaft is obtained by adding
allowance to the basic size of the hole.
This gives the design size of the shaft.
Tolerances are then applied to each part.
In this system lower deviation of the hole is
zero.
This situation is denoted by H
 Shaft basis system

Size of the hole is obtained by adding

allowance to the basic size of the shaft.
This gives the design size of the hole.
Tolerances are then applied to each part.
In this system upper deviation of the shaft is
zero.
This situation is denoted by h.
Equivalent Fits for Hole Basis System
Shaft and Hole basis system
Equivalent fits on the hole and
shaft basis systems.
Applications of fit on the hole basis systems