V ALVES I N
I NDUSTRY
3. Classification of
valves?
INTRODUCTION TO V ALVES
Mechanical devices specifically designed to
direct, start, stop, mix or regulate the flow,
pressure or temperature of a process fluid.
Manufactured from various materials, mostly
made from steel, iron, plastic, brass, bronze
and special alloys.
1. Function
VALVES
2. Application
CLASSIFICATION
3. Motion
1. Function
VALVES
2. Application
CLASSIFICATION
3. Motion
VALVES C LASSIFICATION
A CCORDING TO F UNCTION
VALVES
2. Application
CLASSIFICATION
3. Motion
Valves Classification
According To Application
VALVES
2. Application
CLASSIFICATION
3. Motion
Valves Classification
According To Motion
2) Rotary-motion Valves
Used a closure element that rotates through a
quarter-turn range to open and block the flow.
Limited to certain pressure drops.
Prone to cavitations and flashing problems.
Rotary-motion Valves
COMMON PIPING NOMENCLATURE
7) Solenoid VALVES I N
Valve 3) Gate
I NDUSTRY Valve
6) Diaphragm
Valve
4) Ball Valve
5) Needle
Valve
9) Valve
Positioners 1) Control
Valve
8) Valve
Actuators 2) Globe
TYPES OF Valve
7) Solenoid VALVES I N
Valve 3) Gate
I NDUSTRY Valve
6) Diaphragm
Valve
4) Ball Valve
5) Needle
Valve
1) CONTROL VALVE
The most common final control elements.
Function- control system by adjusting the flows that affect the
globe valves,
controlled variable.
butterfly valves,
Final
ball valves,control elements include control valves, metering pumps,
eccentric
dampers and louvers,
disc valves and variable pitch fan blades, and electrically driven
diaphragm valves
control devices.
Can operated
The control valve is the most widely used type of final control element
1)Manual (Human)
and it (Actuators)
2)Automatic must perform satisfactorily with a minimum amount of
Hydraulics
maintenance attention, even in severe conditions of temperature,
Air (pneumatic)
pressure, corrosion and contamination .
Electrical/ Magnetic
A control valve functions as variable resistance in a pipeline. It
provides pressure drop, called throttling, which limits the flow through
a pipeline.
1) CONTROL VALVE
There are many different kinds of control valves in
common use:
globe valves,
globe
butterfly valves, valves,
ball valves,
butterfly valves,
eccentric disc valves,
ball valves and
diaphragm valves
eccentric disc valves and
Can operated
diaphragm valves
1)Manual (Human)
2)Automatic (Actuators)
Can operated;
Hydraulics
Air (pneumatic)
Manual (Human)
Electrical/ Magnetic (Actuators)
Automatic
Hydraulics
Air (pneumatic)
Electrical/ Magnetic
9) Valve
Positioners 1) Control
Valve
8) Valve
Actuators 2) Globe
TYPES OF Valve
7) Solenoid VALVES I N
Valve 3) Gate
I NDUSTRY Valve
6) Diaphragm
Valve
4) Ball Valve
5) Needle
Valve
2) Globe Valve
The valve is devided into 2 general areas;
i) Actuators- is the part of the valve that converts the electrical/ pressure energy
input to the valve into mechanical motion (stem) to increase or decrease the
globe valves,
butterflyflow restriction
valves,
ball ii) Body- contains and regulates the fluid flow
valves,
eccentric disc valves and
A type of
diaphragm valve for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable
valves
Candisk-type
operated element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.
1)Manual
Named (Human)
for their spherical body shape with the two halves of the body
2)Automatic (Actuators)
being separated by an internal baffle. This has an opening that forms a seat
Hydraulics
onto which a movable plug (also called a disc) can be screwed in to close
Air (pneumatic)
the valve.
Electrical/ Magnetic
The disc is connected to a stem which is operated by screw action in manual
valves. Typically, automated valves use sliding stems.
Automated globe valves have a smooth stem rather than threaded and are
opened and closed by an actuator assembly.
2) Globe Valve
2) Globe Valve
2) Globe Valve
The bonnet assembly is
the part of the valve
body through which the
valve plug stem moves.
2) Globe Valve
Globe valve bodies can be classified as :
globe valves,
direct
butterfly valves, acting valve body - a downward movement of the
valve plug stem results in the valve closing.
ball valves,
eccentric disc valves and
reverse acting valve body - a downward movement of the
diaphragm valves
valve plug stem results in the valve opening.
Can operated
1)Manual (Human)
2)Automatic (Actuators)
Hydraulics
Air (pneumatic)
Electrical/ Magnetic
2) Globe Valve
A globe valve can
valves,
globe
contain
butterfly valves, either one or
two plugs. When there
ball valves,
eccentric
is only one
disc valves andplug/disc,
diaphragm valves
the valve is called
Can operated
single ported globe
1)Manual (Human)
valve.
2)Automatic (Actuators)
Hydraulics
When there are two
Air (pneumatic)
plugs,
Electrical/ it is called a
Magnetic
double-ported globe
valve.
2) Globe Valve
The double-ported valve arrangement produces almost no
unbalanced force on the valve stem.
globe valves,
The fluid flows through the valve ports in opposite directions
butterfly valves,
and therefore generates forces that offset each other.
ball valves,
eccentric
As disc a result, only a relatively small actuator force is needed
valves and
diaphragm
for positioning
valves the valve plugs.
Can operated
This
1)Manual makes the double-ported globe valve suitable for high
(Human)
pressure
2)Automatic applications.
(Actuators)
Hydraulics
Globe valves are used for applications requiring throttling
Air (pneumatic)
and frequent operation.
Electrical/ Magnetic
7) Solenoid VALVES I N
Valve 3) Gate
I NDUSTRY Valve
6) Diaphragm
Valve
4) Ball Valve
5) Needle
Valve
3) Gate Valve
Used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum
valves,
globe
restriction is desired.
butterfly valves,
ball The gate is usually wedge shaped. When the valve is
valves,
eccentricwide open,
disc valves and the gate is fully drawn up into the valve,
diaphragmleaving
valves an opening for flow through the valve the same
size as the pipe in which the valve is installed.
Can operated
Therefore,
1)Manual (Human) there is little pressure drop or flow
restriction
2)Automatic (Actuators) through the valve.
Hydraulics
Gate valves are not suitable for throttling purposes
Air (pneumatic)
since the control of flow would be difficult due to valve
Electrical/ Magnetic
design and since the flow of fluid slapping against a
partially open gate can cause extensive damage to the
valve.
3) Gate Valve
3) Gate Valve
3) Gate Valve
globe valves,
butterfly valves,
Can be classified as:
ball valves,
eccentric
1) rising stem
disc valves and valves - the stem
diaphragm valves
attached to the gate; the gate
Can operated
and stem rise and lower
1)Manual (Human)
together
2)Automatic (Actuators) as the valve is
operated.
Hydraulics
Air (pneumatic)
Electrical/ Magnetic
3) Gate Valve
globe valves,
butterfly valves,
2) non-rising stem valves - the stem is
ball valves,
threaded on the lower end into
eccentric disc valves and
diaphragmthevalves
gate. As the hand wheel on the
stem is rotated, the gate travels up
Can operated
1)Manual or down the stem on the threads,
(Human)
while
2)Automatic the stem remains vertically
(Actuators)
Hydraulics
stationary.
Air (pneumatic)
Electrical/ Magnetic
9) Valve
Positioners 1) Control
Valve
8) Valve
Actuators 2) Globe
TYPES OF Valve
7) Solenoid VALVES I N
Valve 3) Gate
I NDUSTRY Valve
6) Diaphragm
Valve
4) Ball Valve
5) Needle
Valve
4) Ball Valve
7) Solenoid VALVES I N
Valve 3) Gate
I NDUSTRY Valve
6) Diaphragm
Valve
4) Ball Valve
5) Needle
Valve
5) Needle Valve
7) Solenoid VALVES I N
Valve 3) Gate
I NDUSTRY Valve
6) Diaphragm
Valve
4) Ball Valve
5) Needle
Valve
6) Diaphragm Valve
Nearly all hand-operated valves in large
refrigeration systems are diaphragm valves.
The fluid has to rise up and over a seat. There is a
pressure drop through this type of valve.
The upper part is sealed off from the lower part by a
diaphragm.
An upward-seating ball check in the lower valve
stem makes it possible for the spring to lift the
lower stem regardless of pressure differences
developed while the valve was closed. Thus, the
valve will operate properly regardless of direction of
flow.
6) Diaphragm Valve
6) Diaphragm Valve
Can be tightened by hand enough to hold back high
pressures.
Can be installed into the system with either a flare
or soldered connection.
When it is soldered, care should be taken that it is
not overheated.
Most of these valves have seats made of materials
that would not melt when the valves was being
soldered into a line.
6) Diaphragm Valve
6) Diaphragm Valve
9) Valve
Positioners 1) Control
Valve
8) Valve
Actuators 2) Globe
TYPES OF Valve
7) Solenoid VALVES I N
Valve 3) Gate
I NDUSTRY Valve
6) Diaphragm
Valve
4) Ball Valve
5) Needle
Valve
7) Solenoid Valve
An electrically operated valve where an electromagnet
is used as an actuator to change the valve state.
Used only in an ON/OFF manner. In a two-way solenoid
valve, the valve is open when the solenoid coil is
energized.
7) Solenoid Valve
This arrangement,
depending on the valve
size, may be much more
reliable, more powerful,
less expensive and
faster responding than
using an all electric
control valve.
7) Solenoid Valve
9) Valve
Positioners 1) Control
Valve
8) Valve
Actuators 2) Globe
TYPES OF Valve
7) Solenoid VALVES I N
Valve 3) Gate
I NDUSTRY Valve
6) Diaphragm
Valve
4) Ball Valve
5) Needle
Valve
8) Valve Actuators
7) Solenoid VALVES I N
Valve 3) Gate
I NDUSTRY Valve
6) Diaphragm
Valve
4) Ball Valve
5) Needle
Valve
9) Valve Positioners
Question 1
Figure below shows the liquid vessel for boiler system. This system has to maximum
desired temperature of 120 oC (L2) where the heater will be cut off when the temperature
reached desired temperature. Draw feedback control loop for the system.
Fluid in
V-100
Fluid out
V 100
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
Answer 1
Figure below shows the liquid vessel for boiler system. This system has to maximum
desired temperature of 120 oC (L2) where the heater will be cut off when the temperature
reached desired temperature. Draw feedback control loop for the system.
TC
Fluid in
V-100 TT
Fluid out
V 100
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
Feedforward-plus-Feedback Control
Because of the difficulty of accounting for every possible load disturbance in a
feedforward system, this system are often combined with feedback systems.
Controller with summing functions are used in these combined systems to total the
input from both the feedforward loop and the feedback loop, and send a unified
signal to the final control element.
FC TC
Exercise 1
Figure below shows the boiler system that used to supply hot steam to a turbine.
This system need to supply 100 psi hot steam to the turbine where the PCV-100 will
be opened when the pressure reached that desired pressure. With using pressure
control through temperature and pressure measurement in the boiler, draw a
feedforward-plus-feedback control loop system.
TIC PIC
Y
TT PT