to point out the common issues faced by school

heads
to describe the elements of the Review of Related
Literature (ROL) in action research, its purposes of
writing, its possible sources, the qualities of good
ROL materials, and the stages in writing it
to use free-access online libraries and educational
journals as sources of the ROL
to apply the American Psychological Association
(APA) style in writing a quality ROL
Assessment School nutrition Instructional practices
Community/Business partnerships Technology

Behavioral issues Mentoring Student/Teacher health

Curriculum Parent involvement School schedules

Transportation concerns School programs

Professional learning communities School planning

1. What research needs to be done

Parental
involvement
 2. The key issues which underlie your
action research
Parenting
Communicating
Volunteering
of Parental Learning at home
Involvement Decision-making
Collaborating
3. The general conclusions about
related researches

Parental involvement in schools: Indicators on children and youth. (2013, September).

Child Trends Data Bank. p. 7.

Bempechat, J. (n. d.). The role of parent involvement in children's academic

achievement. The School Community Journal. p. 38.
4. The knowledge gaps that your
action research will aim to fill

An intervention to
increase the
involvement of
economically
disadvantaged or
low-income parents
Needs to be done
Issues
Conclusions
Knowledge gaps
 To relate your study to the current
condition or situation of the world
 To obtain background knowledge of your
research
 To show the capacity of your research
work to introduce new knowledge
 To increase your understanding of the
underlying theories, principles, or
concepts of your research
 To expand, prove, or disprove the
findings of previous research studies
 To explain technical terms involved in
your research study.
 To highlight the significance of your
work with the kind of evidence it
gathered to support the conclusion of
your research.
 To avoid repeating previous research
studies.
 To recommend the necessity of further
research on a certain topic.
1. Context and Rationale
2. Review of Related Literature
3. Action Research Questions
4. Proposed Innovation, Intervention, and Strategy
5. Action Research Methods
a. Participants and/or other Sources of Data and Information
b. Data Gathering Methods
c. Data Analysis Plan
6. Work Plan
7. Cost Estimates
8. Plans for Dissemination and Timeliness
9. References
Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and
other similar references
 Articles published in professional
journals, magazines and newspapers
Unpublished theses and dissertations
The constitution and the laws and
statutes of the land
Bulletins, circulars, and orders from
government offices and departments
Reports of schools, public and private,
especially reports of their activities
 Recent. This is important because of
the rapid social, economic, scientific
and technological changes.
 Enough. They must be sufficient
enough to give insight into the
research problem or to indicate the
nature of the present investigation.
 Factual. Surveyed materials must
have been based upon genuinely
original and true facts or data to make
them valid and reliable.
 Objective. Some materials are
extremely or subtly one-sided, either
political, or religious, etc.
 Relevant. Only materials that have
some bearing or similarity to the
research problem at hand should be
reviewed.
Recent
Enough
Factual
Objective
Relevant
Materials
 Wiley Online Library
www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
 Open Library
www.openlibrary.org
 Elsevier
www.journals.elsevier.com
Taylor and Francis
www.tandfonline.com
Journal for Educational Research Online
www.j-e-r-o.com/index.php/jero
 UNESCO Online Educational Journals
http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-
URL_ID=18610&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_S
ECTION=201.html
Education Resources Information Center
www.eric.ed.gov/
or directly it.
Generally, there are 3 basic types of literature
sources: general references that will direct
you to the location of other sources; primary
sources that directly report or present a
persons own experiences; and secondary
sources that report or describe other peoples
experiences or worldviews.
Elsevier
Open Library
Elsevier
Taylor and Francis
Education Resources Information Center
It is making the materials meaningful to you. You
can only benefit much from your reading if you
confront the materials with the help of your higher-
order thinking skills (HOTS). In doing so, you need
to think interpretatively through ways of inferential
thinking: predicting, generalizing, concluding, and
assuming.
Comparing and contrasting related literature and
studies are your ways of proving the extent of
validity of the findings of previous studies vis--vis
your study. Writing the review analytically, or
critically, you give yourself the chance to express
your knowledge about the topic; thereby increasing
the enthusiasm of people reading your work.
 Use the American Psychological Association
(APA) style.
APA style is most commonly used to cite sources
within the social sciences.
DO 43, s. 2015 (Revised Guidelines for the
Basic Education Research Fund) prescribed
that the action research proposal shall be double-
spaced, using Arial font of 11.
 Whenever you use other peoples words or ideas in
your writing, you should cite that source of
information. Whether you are summarizing,
paraphrasing or quoting a work directly, you
must give credit to the originator of the idea that you
are using. When you use another persons words
directly, they must be enclosed in quotation marks,
with the source cited. Failure to cite appropriately is
the same as claiming those ideas or words as your
own and is considered plagiarism.
 When using APA format, follow the author-date
method of in-text citation. This means that the
author's last name and the year of publication for
the source should appear in the text, and a
complete reference should appear in the reference
list at the end of the paper.

In a study about parental involvement in school (Bottoms, &

ONeill, 2001)

Bottoms, and ONeill (2001) stated that parental involvement

 Always capitalize proper nouns,
including author names.

In a study about parental involvement in schools in

Atlanta, Georgia (Bottoms, & ONeill, 2001)

 If you refer to the title of a source
within your paper, capitalize all
nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs,
pronouns and subordinating
conjunctions.
In Preparing a New Breed of School Principals: Its Time for Action,

Bottoms, and ONeill (2001) stated that parental involvement

 When capitalizing titles, capitalize
both words in a hyphenated
compound word.

In School Involvement of Low-Income Parents,

Johnson, and Jones (2001) stressed that

 After a colon or dash in a title,
capitalize the first word.

In Preparing a New Breed of School Principals: Its

Time for Action, Bottoms, and ONeill (2001) stated

that parental involvement

 Italicize the titles of longer works
such as books, edited collections,
movies, documentaries, or albums.

In Freedom Writers (2007), the students bring their

family problems inside their classroom.

 Put quotation marks around the
titles of shorter works such as
journal articles, articles from edited
collections, television shows, and
song titles.
In Preparing a New Breed of School Principals:

Its Time for Action, Bottoms, and ONeill (2001)

stated that parental involvement

 If a work has two authors, cite both
names every time the reference
appears in your text. Join the authors'
names with the word and.

In Preparing a New Breed of School Principals: Its

Time for Action, Bottoms, and ONeill (2001) stated

that parental involvement

 If a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all
of the authors the first time you refer to the work
in your text. The next time you refer to the work,
shorten the citation to the last name of the first
author plus the words et al. Join the authors'
names with the word and if you are referring to
them in the text; join the authors' names with an
ampersand (&) if you are referring to them in a
parenthetical citation.
First Citation Second Citation
Cruz, Reyes, and Jose (2001) mentioned that Cruz, et al. (2001) argued that

It is mentioned that (Cruz, Reyes, & Jose, 2001). It is argued that (Cruz, et al., 2001).
 If a work has six authors (or more),
cite only the last name of the first
author plus the words et al.

Cruz, et al. (2001) mentioned that

It is mentioned that (Cruz, et al., 2001).

 You should try to use your own words (citing
appropriately) whenever possible. In scientific
writing, it is not as necessary to use a previous
researchers original words as it is in other types of
writing. Your own ideas and integration of previous
findings is more important. Therefore, you should
use quotations sparingly..
 To indicate direct quotations of fewer than 40
words in your text, enclose the quotation within
double quotation marks. Provide the author, year,
and specific page citation in the text, and include a
complete reference in the reference list.
Punctuation marks, such as periods, commas, and
semicolons, should appear after the parenthetical
citation. Question marks and exclamation points
should appear within the quotation marks if they
are a part of the quotation but after the
parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style,

(Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to

why.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using

APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style"

(p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

 If you are citing a work that has no author, no date,
and no page numbers, use the first few words
from the title, then the abbreviation n.d. (for "no
date"), and then use paragraph numbers (if
available) or simply leave out any reference to
pages.

In another study of students and research decisions, it was

discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and

APA," n.d.).
 Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a
free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit
quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line,
indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the
entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the
first line of any subsequent paragraph within the
quotation five spaces from the new margin.
Maintain double-spacing throughout. The
parenthetical citation should come after closing
punctuation mark.
Jones's 1993 study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time citing

sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the

fact that many students failed to purchase a style

manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

 to compare and contrast References and
Bibliography

to understand and apply the rules of American

Psychological Association (APA) style in
writing the References
1. Context and Rationale
2. Review of Related Literature
3. Action Research Questions
4. Proposed Innovation, Intervention, and Strategy
5. Action Research Methods
a. Participants and/or other Sources of Data and Information
b. Data Gathering Methods
c. Data Analysis Plan
6. Work Plan
7. Cost Estimates
8. Plans for Dissemination and Timeliness
9. References
 The reference list should appear at the end of your
paper.
It provides the information necessary for a reader to
locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body
of the paper.
Each source you cite in the paper must appear in
your reference list; likewise, each entry in the
reference list must be cited in your text.
 A reference list includes the details of all resources
you have quoted or paraphrased in your research.

A bibliography includes details of all resources you

have used to produce your researchincluding
those you did not quote or paraphrase.
1. the author(s) of each work or the institution or group
that created the work
2. the date that the work was published
3. the title of each work
4. whether the work appears as part of a larger work
(such as an article in a journal or newspaper, or a
chapter in an essay collection)
5. where the work was published
6. who published the work
7. information that would help someone retrieve the work
(such as a web page address or an access number for
an electronic database)
if you don't have complete information for a
reference, include as much information as you do
have when you create your reference list. For
example, it's common for web pages to not have
authors. This just means that you don't include an
author, and instead start with the title of the work.
 Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give
the last name and initials for all authors of a
particular work.
Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the
last names of the first author of each work.
If you have more than one article by the same
author(s), single-author references or multiple-
author references with the exact same authors in
the exact same order are listed in order by the year
of publication, starting with the earliest.
Berndt, T. J. (1996). Exploring the effects of friendship quality on social
development. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup, (Eds.),
The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence. (pp. 346-
365). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective
states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social
Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Flexible correction processes in social
judgment: The role of naive theories in corrections for perceived bias.
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68, 36-51.
 When an author appears both as a sole author
and, in another citation, as the first author of
a group, list the one-author entries first.

Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment to

school. Educational Psychologist, 34, 15-28.

Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on adolescents

adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.

 References that have the same first author and
different second and/or third authors are
arranged alphabetically by the last name of the
second author, or the last name of the third
if the first and second authors are the same.
Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E.

(2000).Flexible corrections of juror judgments: Implications for jury

instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 6, 629-654.

Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on

high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood

judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 25-43.

 If you are using more than one reference by the
same author (or the same group of authors
listed in the same order) published in the same
year, organize them in the reference list
alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter.
Then assign letter suffixes to the year.
Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial

intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental

Psychology, 17, 408-416.

Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and

behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.

 when referring to these publications in your paper,
use the letter suffixes with the year so that the reader
knows which reference you are referring to.

Several studies (Berndt, 1981a, 1981b) have shown that...

 Use "&" instead of "and" when listing multiple
authors of a single work.

Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on adolescents

adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.

 If no author is given for a particular source, begin
with and alphabetize by using the title of the work,
which will be listed in place of the author.

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure.

(1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

 All lines after the first line of each entry in your
reference list should be indented one-half inch from
the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment to

school. Educational Psychologist, 34, 15-28.

Highlight entries > Home > Paragraph
Formatted Hanging Indentions
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year).

Title of article. Title of periodical, volume

number, pages.
 Journal article, one author
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal

articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55,

893-896.

Journal article, three to six authors

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993).

There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The

importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

 Journal article, more than six authors
Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P.,

et al. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of

Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245.

Magazine article, one author

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools.

Time, 135, 28-31.

for a magazine or newspaper article, you need to
include specific publication dates (month and day, if
applicable) as well as the year. For a journal article,
you do not need to include the month or day of
publication.
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for

subtitle. Location: Publisher.

A book
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing

manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American

Psychological Association.
 A brochure
Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993).

Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities

(4th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

An entry in an encyclopedia
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica

(Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

 A book with no author or editor named
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield,

MA: Merriam-Webster.

A news article with no author or editor

named
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993,

July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

for "Location," you should always list the city, but
you should also include the state if the city is
unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in
another state.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In

A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter).

Location: Publisher.

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role

journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B.

R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123).

New York: Springer.

when you list the pages of the chapter or essay in
parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the
numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does
not appear before the page numbers in periodical
references.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title

of journal, volume number (issue number if available). Retrieved

month day, year, from http://Web address.

Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human

rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8(4). Retrieved February 20,

2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.

Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address.

Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of

toylandia. Retrieved February 20, 2001, from

http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In

Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number).

Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address.

Johnson, J. C. (2000). Pollution and banana cream pie. In Great chefs

cook with chlorofluorocarbons and carbon monoxide (Chap. 3).

Retrieved July 13, 2001, from http://www.bamm.com/cream/

pollution/bananas.htm
DepEd Order No. 16, 2017, Research Management Guidelines.
DepEd Order No. 43, 2015, Revised Guidelines for the Basic Education
Research Fund.
Introduction to APA style. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2017, from
http://www.edc.uoc.gr/~panas/EAP/Thesis/Methofologia%20Ereunas/APA
%20Style.pdf
Johnson, C. S. (2011). School administrators and the importance of utilizing
action research. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,
14, 79-80.
Practical research RRL flashcards. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2017, from
https://quizlet.com/189895124/practical-research-rrl-flash-cards/
Sevilla, C. G., Ochave, J. A., Punsalan, T. G., Regala, B. P., & Uriarte, G. G.
(1984). An introduction to research methods. Manila: Rex Book Store.
What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography? (n.d.).
Retrieved April 19, 2017, from
https://studenthelp.secure.griffith.edu.au/app/answers/detail/a_id/1676/~/w
hat-is-the-difference-between-a-reference-list-and-a-bibliography%3F