Models of formation of

nanoparticles
(screw dislocation, VLS,
quataron)
 Introduction
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies attract tremendous
attention in recent researches. New physical properties and
new technologies both in sample preparation and device
fabrication evoke on account of the development of
nanoscience. Various research fields including physics,
chemists, material scientists, and engineers of mechanical and
electrical are involved in this research. Synthesis of
nanomaterials that are synonyms to quantum confined atom is
an important milestone. Scientists and engineers have made
significant developments in the improvement of methods of
formation of nanomaterials.
The presentation are discussed models of formation of
nanoparticles such as screw dislocation, VLS, quataron.
 Dislocations
Dislocations are very important imperfections in real
materials.
Dislocations are line imperfections in otherwise perfect
lattices.
Dislocations are formed during solidification or when the
material is deformed.
Dislocations strongly affect the mechanical, electronic and
photonic properties of materials.
There are two basic types of dislocations edge and screw.
The perfect crystal in a) is cut and sheared one atom spacing in b) and c).
The line along which the shearing occurs is a screw dislocation. A
Burgers vector b is required to close a loop of equal atom spacings
around the screw dislocation.
 Screw Dislocation
It comprises a structure in which a helical path is
traced around the linear defect (dislocation line) by
the atomic planes in the crystal lattice
A screw dislocation is much harder to visualize.
Imagine cutting a crystal along a plane and slipping
one half across the other by lattice vector, the halves
will fit back together without leaving a defect.
The cut goes through the crystal, and then slipped, the
boundary of the cut is a screw dislocation.
Screw dislocation

[1]
 a) b) c)

The perfect crystal in a) is cut and an extra plane of atoms is inserted

in b). The bottom edge of the extra plane is an edge dislocation in c).
A Burgers vector b is required to close a loop of equal atom spacings
around the edge dislocation.
 Geometric properties of dislocations

Type of dislocation
Dislocation Property
Edge Screw
Relation between dislocation
||
line (t) and b
Slip direction || to b || to b
Direction of dislocation line
||
movement relative to b
Process by which dislocation
climb Cross-slip
may leave slip plane
A mixed dislocation showing a screw dislocation at the front of the
crystal gradually changing to an edge dislocation at the side of the
crystal. Note that the line direction of the dislocation is parallel to
the Burgers vector of the screw dislocation and perpendicular to the
edge dislocation.
Dislocations in Ti3Al seen by TEM
showing dislocation pileups in a) and
b) and how they contribution to
permanent or plastic deformation in c).
 Vaporliquidsolid method
The vaporliquidsolid method (VLS) is a mechanism for
the growth of one-dimensional structures, such as nanowires,
from chemical vapor deposition. The growth of a crystal
through direct adsorption of a gas phase on to a solid surface is
generally very slow. The VLS mechanism circumvents this by
introducing a catalytic liquid alloy phase which can rapidly
adsorb a vapor to supersaturation levels, and from
which crystal growth can subsequently occur
from nucleated seeds at the liquidsolid interface. The physical
characteristics of nanowires grown in this manner depend, in a
controllable way, upon the size and physical properties of the
liquid alloy.
Schematic illustration of Si whisker growth from the reaction
of SiCl4 and H2 vapor phases. This reaction is catalyzed by
gold-silicon droplet deposited on the wafer surface prior to
whisker growth.
 , CVD

 Historical background
The VLS mechanism was proposed in 1964 as an
explanation for silicon whisker growth from the gas
phase in the presence of a liquid gold droplet placed
upon a silicon substrate. The explanation was
motivated by the absence of axial screw
dislocations in the whiskers (which in themselves are
a growth mechanism), the requirement of the gold
droplet for growth, and the presence of the droplet at
the tip of the whisker during the entire growth
process.
 The VLS mechanism is typically
described in three stages:
Preparation of a liquid alloy droplet upon the
substrate from which a wire is to be grown
Introduction of the substance to be grown as a vapor,
which adsorbs on to the liquid surface, and diffuses
into the droplet
Supersaturation and nucleation at the liquid/solid
interface leading to axial crystal growth
 Typical features of the VLS method
Greatly lowered reaction energy compared to
normal vapor-solid growth.
Wires grow only in the areas activated by the
metal catalysts and the size and position of the
wires are determined by that of the metal
catalysts.
This growth mechanism can also produce
highly anisotropic nanowire arrays from a
variety of material.
 Quataron concept of nanoparticles
formation and crystal growth

Quatarons are dynamic structures constantly

changing their forms. They are quasi-spherical in
shape and have no symmetry restrictions. Quatarons
are the basis for all kinds of equilibrium
nanostructures from ordinary tetra-and octahedral
groupings to the widely known fullerenes or dense
dodecahedral and icosahedral clusters, colloidal,
fractal particles. In particular, quatarons are fullerenes
predecessors.
 Quatarons as objects which properties are determined
by quantum-mechanical laws, on the one hand, and laws
of classical physics, on the other hand, determine the
originality of the nano-state of matter. Uniqueness of
quatarons consists in that they bear lines of live
organisms and live matter. In particular they as well as
live cells are capable to divide at achieving certain sizes.
Their role as nano-reactors of concentration and synthesis
of new compounds, including biomolecules of the
elementary elements of live matter is unique.


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