The assembly of apparatus used to change

some characteristic (e.g. voltage, a.c. to d.c.,

frequency, p.f. etc.) of electric supply is called a
sub-station.
 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
Basically an electrical sub station consists of a
number of incoming circuits and out going
circuits connected to common bus bar

I
systems.
Bus bars are conducting bars to which a
number of incoming or out going circuits are
connected.

3
 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
Each circuit connected to the bus bar will have
certain electrical component such as circuit
breakers, isolators, earth switches, current
transformers and voltage transformers.

These components are connected in a definite

sequence such that a circuit can be switched off
during normal operation by manual command and
also automatically during abnormal conditions such
as short circuits.
4

4
 Classification of Sub-Stations

(1) service requirement

(a) Transformer sub-stations
(b) Switching sub-stations
(c) Frequency changer sub-station
(2) According to constructional features.
(a) Indoor sub-station
(b) Outdoor sub-station
(c) Underground sub-station
(d) Pole-mounted sub-station
Pole Mounted Substation
 Equipment in a Sub-Stations

1. Bus Bars
2. Insulators
3. Isolating Switch
4. Circuit Breakers
5. Power Transformers
6. Lightning / Surge Arrestors
7. Protection & Relay panels.
8. Substation Automation
 Bus Bars

When a number of lines operating at the

same voltage have to be directly connected
electrically, bus-bars are used as the common
electrical component.

Bus-bars are copper or aluminium bars

(generally of rectangular x-section) and
operate at constant voltage.
SINGLE BUS SYSTEM:
SINGLE BUS SYSTEM with Sectionlizer
 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS SECTIONALISER

BUS SECTION-1 BUS SECTION-2

SECTIONALISER ISOLATOR

BREAKER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER

11

11
Duplicate BUS Bar System
 THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME

10/19/2017
ISOLATOR

M L SHESHADRI
BREAKER

LINE

POWER TRANSFORMER

LINE
13

13
 Problem

Draw the single line diagram of a substation

having the following equipments:
i) Incoming lines: Two,110kV
ii) Outgoing lines: (a) One, 110kV (b)Four, 11kV
iii) Transformers: (a) Two,10MVA,110/11kV, D/Y
(b) One, 2MVA,11kV/
415V,Y/Y
iv) Bus-bars: 110kV-Duplicate bus-bar,11kV
single bus-bar
 Sub-Stations Design Parameters

1. Selection of Transformers
2. Ratings of Circuit Breaker
3. Ratings of Switch Dis connecters
4. Characteristics of Voltage Transformers
5. Characteristics of Current Transformers
 Classification of Circuit Breakers

1. Oil C.B
2. Air Blast C.B
3. SF6
4. Vacuum C.B
 Smart Grid

The term smart grid refers to the use of

computer, communication, sensing, and control
technology which operates in parallel with an
electric power grid for the purpose of enhancing
the reliability of electric power delivery,
minimizing the cost of electric energy to
consumers, and facilitating the interconnection of
new generating sources to the grid.
 Smart Grid Foundation
1. Communication Technologies(Wireless)
2. Wide Area Monitoring System
3. DG and Renewable Technologies
4.Computational Tools (AI)

Preferred Characteristics
Active Consumer Participation
Accommodation of all generation
and storage options
New products, services and
markets
Provision of Power Quality for
digital economy
Optimization of assets and operates
efficiently
Anticipating responses to system
disturbances (self- healing)
Resiliency against cyber attack and
natural disasters
Comparison
Traditional Grid
Consumers are un-informed
and do not participate
Dominated by Central
Generation- many obstacles
exist for distributed energy
resources interconnection
Limited, poorly integrated
whole sale markets; Limited
opportunities for consumers
Focus on outage; slow
response to power quality
issues
Little integration of
operational data with asset
management and business
processes
Respond to prevent further
damages; focus on protecting
assets following a fault
Vulnerable to malicious acts
of terror and natural disasters;
slow response
Smart Grid
Informed, involved consumer demand
response and distributed energy resources
Many distributed energy resources with
plug and play convenience, focus on
renewable.
Mature, well integrated whole sale
markets; growth for new electricity
markets for consumers.
Power quality is a priority with a variety
of quality/ price options- rapid resolution
of issues
Greatly expanded data acquisition of grid
parameters; focus on prevention;
minimizing impact to consumers
Automatically detects and responds to
problems; focus on prevention,
minimizing impact to consumers
Resilience to cyber attack and natural
disasters; rapid restoration capabilities
Smart Grid Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
topology
Wide Area Monitoring (WAMS) : Example for Real time Application

Phase Angle Monitoring

Voltage Stability Monitoring
Power Oscillation Monitoring

WAMS & PMU 21

Wide Area Monitoring (WAMS) : use GPS Satellite

GPS satellite
Wide Area Monitoring System use a
GPS satellite signal to time-synchronize
from phasor measurement units (PMUs)
at important nodes in the power system,
send real-time phasor (angle and
PMU magnitude) data to a Control Centre.
PMU
PMU
The acquired phasor data provides
dynamic information on power systems,
PMU which helps operators to initiate
corrective actions to enhance the power
system reliability.

WAMS & PMU 22

Thank You