PRINSIP KERJA
Energi angin yang memutar turbin angin diteruskan
untuk memutar rotor pada generator dibagian belakang
turbin angin, sehingga akan menghasilkan energi listrik.
Energi Listrik ini biasanya akan disimpan kedalam baterai
sebelum dapat dimanfaatkan.
Indonesia, negara kepulauan yang 2/3 wilayahnya
adalah lautan dan mempunyai garis pantai terpanjang di
dunia yaitu 80.791,42 Km merupakan wilayah
potensial untuk pengembangan pembanglit listrik tenaga
angin, namun sayang potensi ini nampaknya belum
dilirik oleh pemerintah.
Large:
Large Turbines (500-1500 kW) 300 kW
Turbine
Installed in Windfarm Arrays
Totaling 1 - 100 MW Small:
10 kW
$1,000/kW; Designed for Low Cost of Turbine
Energy
Requires 6 m/s (13 mph) Average
Sites
Small Turbines (0.3-100 kW)
Installed in Rural Residential On-
Grid and Off-Grid Applications
$2,500-5,000/kW; Designed for
Reliability / Low Maintenance
Requires 4 m/s (9 mph) Average
Sites
Ada beberapa daerah di Indonesia yang katanya
memiliki kecepatan angin cukup tinggi (gust wind)
berdasarkan survei yang dilakukan selama 3 bulan, tapi
hal ini tidak berguna bagi PLTB bila kecepatan angin itu
hanya cuma bertahan beberapa menit/detik saja dan
kemudian hilang. Perlu adanya survei/studi
berkesinambungan yang memerlukan data selama
minimal satu tahun untuk mevalidasi potensi angin
didaerah tersebut. Rata-rata PLTB yang dijual di pasaran
untuk kapasitas kecil (kurang dari 100 kW), cut in dan
cut out mereka adalah 3 dan 25 m/s dengan kecepatan
optimumnya adalah 12 m/s.
Growth of Wind Energy Capacity
Worldwide
Actual Projected Jan 2003 Cumulative MW
45000
Rest of World Rest of World Rest of World = 2,803
40000 North America North America North America = 5,018
Europe Europe Europe = 21,319
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
Year
Sources: BTM Consult Aps, March 2001
Windpower Monthly, January 2003
Didunia saat ini banyak ditemukan PLTB stand
alone yang beredar dipasaran (utk ukuran 10
kW). Penggunanya adalah daerah-daerah
terpencil yang tidak tersentuh oleh ataupun
terlalu mahal untuk dihubungkan oleh grid.
Kebanyakan dari mereka tidak hanya
menggunakan PLTB tapi juga menggunakan PV.
Selain karena disebabkan kebutuhan listrik yang
cukup besar juga disertai dengan diversikasi
energi apabila tiba-tiba tidak terdapat angin yang
cukup.
Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan listrik di Indonesia
saat ini untuk daerah-daerah terpecil seperti di
kepulauan-kepulauan, diperlukan hybrid system
antara potensi renewable energy yang ada
dilokasi (seperti PLTB-PV-baterai, PV-PLTMH-Fuel
Cell, dll). Akan tetapi perlu menjadi catatan,
semua teknologi untuk penggunaan energi-
energi tersebut masih cukup mahal bila dilihat
dari kelayakan ekonominya terutama FC dan PV.
Sekedar untuk info apabila ada yang tertarik
untuk mengembangkan potensi renewable
energy didaerahnya, anda bisa
menggunakan standar IEC 62257 sebagai
guidelines anda. Semoga info ini dapat
membantu pengembangan renewable
energy di Indonesia
Wind Cost of Energy
12
COE (/kWh [constant 2000 $])
10
8
Low wind speed sites
6
Bulk Power Competitive
High wind Price Band
speed sites
4
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Small Wind Economics
Simple Payback
Bergey Excel, 100 ft Tower
50 Net Metering Only, 12.5 mph
Net Metering Only, 16 mph
Simple Payback, Years
20
10
0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Electric Rate, /kWh
Natural Gas Price Volatility
The Dash to Gas
11
10
INDUSTRIAL
9
Trillion Cubic Feet/Yr
8 ELECTRIC GENERATION
6
5 RESIDENTIAL
4
3 COMMERCIAL
2
GAS CONSUMPTION: 1997-2017
1
1997 2002 2007 2012 2017
Economic Development Impacts
Joseph Rand
The Kidwind Project
joe@kidwind.org
877-917-0079
Calculation of Wind Power
Power
Power in theinWind
the=wind
AV3
Effect of swept area, A
Effect of wind speed, V
Effect of air density,
R
= medium
<10 degrees
The Drag Force is parallel to the
direction of motion. We want
to make this force small. = High
Stall!!
Airfoil Shape
Just like the wings of an airplane,
wind turbine blades use the
airfoil shape to create lift and
maximize efficiency.
Fastest
Faster
Fast
Tip-Speed Ratio
R
Tip-speed ratio is the ratio of the speed of
the rotating blade tip to the speed of
the free stream wind. R
There is an optimum angle of attack
which creates the highest lift to drag
ratio.
Because angle of attack is dependant on
wind speed, there is an optimum tip-
speed ratio
R
TSR =
Where,
V
= rotational speed in radians /sec
R = Rotor Radius
V = Wind Free Stream Velocity
Performance Over Range of Tip Speed Ratios
Solidity = 3a/A
High solidity (>0.80) = low speed, high torque
Pitch Control Mechanisms
The blade mold (left) is lined with layers of fiberglass, then injected with epoxy
resin. To enhance stiffness, a layer of wood is placed between the fiberglass
layers. The two molds are joined and adhered together using a special liquid
epoxy, which evenly joins the two sides of the blade.
The blades are painted white, then shipped to wind farms all over the world.
Advanced Classroom Blades
Cardboard Tube
Airfoil Blades for twisted blades
Wind Turbine Blade Challenge
Students perform experiments and
design different wind turbine blades
Use simple wind turbine models
Test one variable while holding
others constant
Record performance with a
multimeter or other load device
Goals: Produce the most voltage,
pump the most water, lift the most
weight
Minimize Drag
Maximize LIFT
Harness the POWER of the wind!
Questions?
Joe Rand
KidWind Project
joe@kidwind.org
Wind Energy Technology
What works & what doesnt
www.kidwind.org
What is KidWind?
KidWind Project |
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
www.kidwind.org
Orientation
Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes
based on the orientation of the rotor
Vertical Axis
Horizontal Axis
Disadvantages
Advantages Rotors generally near
Omnidirectional ground where wind poorer
Accepts wind from any Centrifugal force stresses
angle blades
Components can be Poor self-starting capabilities
mounted at ground level Requires support at top of
turbine rotor
Ease of service
Requires entire rotor to be
Lighter weight towers removed to replace bearings
Can theoretically use Overall poor performance
less materials to and reliability
capture the same Have never been
amount of wind commercially successful
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Lift vs Drag
VAWTs
Lift Device Darrieus
Low solidity, aerofoil
blades
More efficient than drag
device
Drag Device Savonius
High solidity, cup shapes
are pushed by the wind
At best can capture only
15% of wind energy
VAWTs have not been commercially
successful, yet
Every few years a new company
comes along promising a
revolutionary breakthrough in
wind turbine design that is low
cost, outperforms anything else
on the market, and overcomes
all of the previous problems with
WindStor
VAWTs. They can also usually Mag-Wind
be installed on a roof or in a city
where wind is poor.
= medium
<10 degrees
The Drag Force is parallel to the
direction of motion. We want
to make this force small. = High
Stall!!
Apparent Wind &
Angle of Attack
R r
V V
VR = Relative Wind
= angle of attack = angle between the
chord line and the direction of the relative
wind, VR .
0.4
Cp
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Tip Speed Ratio
Twist & Taper
Speed through the air of a
point on the blade changes
with distance from hub
Therefore, tip speed ratio
varies as well
To optimize angle of attack all
along blade, it must twist
from root to tip
Pitch Control vs. Stall Control
Pitch Control
Blades rotate out of the wind
when wind speed becomes too
great
Stall Control
Blades are at a fixed pitch that
starts to stall when wind speed is
too great
Pitch can be adjusted for
particular locations wind regime
Active Stall Control
Many larger turbines today have
active pitch control that turns the
blades towards stall when wind
speeds are too great
Airfoil in stall
Rotor Wake
Betz Limit
16
C p ,max .5926
27
Number of Blades One
Rotor must move more rapidly to
capture same amount of wind
Gearbox ratio reduced
Added weight of counterbalance
negates some benefits of lighter design
Higher speed means more noise,
visual, and wildlife impacts
Blades easier to install because
entire rotor can be assembled on
ground
Captures 10% less energy than
two blade design
Ultimately provide no cost savings
Number of Blades - Two
Advantages & disadvantages
similar to one blade
Need teetering hub and or
shock absorbers because of
gyroscopic imbalances
Capture 5% less energy
than three blade designs
Number of Blades - Three
Balance of gyroscopic forces
Slower rotation
increases gearbox &
transmission costs
More aesthetic, less noise,
fewer bird strikes
Hubs
The hub holds the rotor together
and transmits motion to nacelle
Three important aspects
How blades are attached
Nearly all have cantilevered hubs
(supported only at hub)
Struts & Stays havent proved
worthwhile
Fixed or Variable Pitch?
Flexible or Rigid Attachment
Most are rigid
Some two bladed designs use
teetering hubs
Direct Drive Enercon
E-70, 2.3 MW (right)
Drive Trains
Drive Trains transfer power
from rotor to the generator
Direct Drive (no
transmission)
Quieter & more reliable
Most small turbines
Mechanical Transmission GE 2.3 MW (above)
Can have parallel or planetary Multi-drive Clipper
shafts Liberty 2.5 MW (right)
Prone to failure due to very
high stresses
Most large turbines (except in
Germany)
The rotor is the single most critical
Rotor Controls element of any wind turbine How a
wind turbine controls the forces acting
Micro Turbines on the rotor, particularly in high
winds, is of the utmost importance to
May not have any controls the long-term, reliable function of any
Blade flutter wind turbine. Paul Gipe
Small Turbines
Furling (upwind) rotor moves
to reduce frontal area facing
wind
Coning (downwind) rotor
blades come to a sharper cone
Passive pitch governors blades
pitch out of wind
Medium Turbines
Aerodynamic Stall
Mechanical Brakes
Aerodynamic Brakes
Towers
Monopole (Nearly all
large turbines)
Tubular Steel or Concrete
Lattice (many Medium
turbines)
20 ft. sections
Guyed
Lattice or monopole
3 guys minimum
Tilt-up
4 guys
Tilt-up monopole
The KidWind Project
www.kidwind.org