GEO-455 - Anatomy of Seismic Wave

Seismic Wave Anatomy
GEOP-408; GEOPHYSICAL DATA PROCESSING
Reflection Seismics
Source Receiver Raw Seismic data

Q t t t t t t
Geology Seismic Section

Figure 9: The amplitude and shape of a seismic wavelet changes as it travels

through the subsurface as a result of absorption, spherical spreading,
constructive and destructive interference, partial reflection, partial transmission
and equipment effects, etc.
Ambient and
Cultural Noise
Recording Instruments
Ground Receiver Coupling

Receiver Frequency Response
Array Effects
Upcoming
Shot Wavelet
Hole Free Low
Surface Velocity
Ghost? Layer Refractions
Source Effects Scatterers
Spherical
Downgoing Spreading Refractions
Wavelet Short Period
Interface Losses Multiples
Long Period
Q-Factor Multiples
Reflection
Coefficient
Fourier Transform
From Reality to Dreams
&
Back to Reality from Dreams
A two sided mathematical weapon of a Geophysicist

Fourier Transform
Forward Fourier Transform- Fourier Analysis
(Time Domain to Frequency Domain- Determines the components of the wavelet)
Inverse Fourier Transform- Fourier Synthesis

(Frequency Domain to Time Domain- Determines the wavelet from its components)
Danbom Geophysics
Some words about the elusive term phase.

Danbom Geophysics
Schematic of wavelets having the same amplitude spectra

but different phase spectra.
sinusoid: A sine or cosine curve.
harmonic: har mon ik 1. A frequency that is a simple
multiple of a fundamental frequency. The third harmonic,
for example, has a frequency three times that of
the fundamental. 2. Two frequencies are harmonically
related if they are each harmonics of a common
fundamental.
3. Any component of a Fourier series except
the fundamental.
harmonic analysis: Decomposing a periodic waveform

into constituent cosine waves, i.e., into a Fourier series
or its Fourier transform. Same as Fourier analysis
q.v..
harmonic distortion: Distortion q.v. characterized by
the generation of harmonics of input frequencies.
harmonic function: A function that satisfies Laplaces

equation, has continuous single-valued first derivatives,
and has second derivatives.
octave:
The interval between two frequencies
having a ratio of 2 or 1/2. Filter rolloff is
often given in decibels per octave.
Bandwidth increasing one Octave while low freq remains same. From Alistair Brown book_6 th ed_2004
spectrum:
1. Amplitude and phase characteristics as a
function of frequency for the components of a
wavetrain or wavelet. See Fourier analysis.
2. Filter response characteristics. See transfer function. 3.

Quantities displayed in order to show the relative content of
various components. Thus a velocity spectrum or
normal-moveout spectrum shows the amount of
coherent energy which appears to have various amounts
of normal moveout as a function of arrival time. A dip
spectrum shows the amount of coherent energy which
appears to have various amounts of dip moveout or
apparent velocity.
spectral analysis:
1. A Fourier analysis q.v..
2. Examination of the spectra of potential-field data to locate

changes in the slope of a graph of the logarithm of the
power spectra log of amplitude squared versus wavenumber.
See also radial power spectrum.
spectral decomposition: Use of short windows for Fourier

transforming and displaying the frequency spectra
frequency slices.
spectral density: The square of the amplitude spectrum;

see Fourier transform.
band:
1. A range of frequencies such as those passed

band-pass or rejected band-reject by a filter.
Measurements are usually made between points
where the amplitude is down by 3 dB or down 30%
from the peak value; see also bandwidth.
2. The names given to the frequency ranges of the

electromagnetic spectrum, as shown in Figure E-11.
3. Landsat data channels; see Landsat image.
4. A track on magnetic tape.

Time Domain; f (t) Fourier Analysis / Forward Fourier Transform
Frequency Domain F(V)
Spectra (Range)
Amplitude Spectrum (Range)

(Amp. Variation graph against frequency)
Fourier Analysis / Forward Fourier Transform

Fourier Synthesis / Inverse Fourier Transform

Time Domain f (t)
Phase Spectrum (Range)

(Phase Variation graph against frequency)
Time Domain; f (t) Fourier Analysis / Forward Fourier Transform

Spectra (Range)
Amplitude Spectrum (Range)

(Amp. Variation graph against frequency)
Fourier Analysis / Forward Fourier Transform
Fourier Synthesis / Inverse Fourier Transform

Time Domain f (t)
Phase Spectrum (Range)

(Phase Variation graph against frequency)
Digitization of Analogue Data- Sampling

Analogue- Time Domain; f (t)
Digitized data values- Time Domain; f (t) / Time series @ 2ms
Digitized data values- Time Domain; f (t) / Time series @ 10ms
Effect of inadequate sampling @ 10ms

Figure 9: The amplitude and shape of a seismic wavelet changes as it travels

through the subsurface as a result of absorption, spherical spreading,
constructive and destructive interference, partial reflection, partial transmission
and equipment effects, etc.
Ambient and
Cultural Noise
Recording Instruments
Ground Receiver Coupling

Receiver Frequency Response
Array Effects
Upcoming
Shot Wavelet
Hole Free Low
Surface Velocity
Ghost? Layer Refractions
Source Effects Scatterers
Spherical
Downgoing Spreading Refractions
Wavelet Short Period
Interface Losses Multiples
Long Period
Q-Factor Multiples
Reflection
Coefficient
Reflection Seismics
Source Receiver Raw Seismic data

Q t t t t t t
Geology Seismic Section

GEO-455 - Anatomy of Seismic Wave

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Seismic Wave Anatomy

GEOP-408; GEOPHYSICAL DATA PROCESSING

Source Receiver Raw Seismic data

Geology Seismic Section

Figure 9: The amplitude and shape of a seismic wavelet changes as it travels

Ground Receiver Coupling

A two sided mathematical weapon of a Geophysicist

Inverse Fourier Transform- Fourier Synthesis

Some words about the elusive term phase.

Schematic of wavelets having the same amplitude spectra

harmonic analysis: Decomposing a periodic waveform

harmonic function: A function that satisfies Laplaces

2. Filter response characteristics. See transfer function. 3.

1. A Fourier analysis q.v..

2. Examination of the spectra of potential-field data to locate

spectral decomposition: Use of short windows for Fourier

spectral density: The square of the amplitude spectrum;

1. A range of frequencies such as those passed

2. The names given to the frequency ranges of the

3. Landsat data channels; see Landsat image.

4. A track on magnetic tape.

Amplitude Spectrum (Range)

Fourier Analysis / Forward Fourier Transform

Fourier Synthesis / Inverse Fourier Transform

Phase Spectrum (Range)

Time Domain; f (t) Fourier Analysis / Forward Fourier Transform

Amplitude Spectrum (Range)

Fourier Synthesis / Inverse Fourier Transform

Phase Spectrum (Range)

Digitization of Analogue Data- Sampling

Digitized data values- Time Domain; f (t) / Time series @ 2ms

Digitized data values- Time Domain; f (t) / Time series @ 10ms

Effect of inadequate sampling @ 10ms

Figure 9: The amplitude and shape of a seismic wavelet changes as it travels

Ground Receiver Coupling

Source Receiver Raw Seismic data

Geology Seismic Section

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