This presentation is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the United States Energy Association and
do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
4. COMPARISON
4. TECHNOLOGIES COMPARED
VOLTAGE LINK
Introduction
three ways of achieving AC/DC/AC conversion in HVDC system:
4. COMPARISON
1. Valve branch
2. Double Valve
3. Valve tower Quadrivalve
4. 6-pulse bridge
LCC HVDC Systems
6 pulse convertor
12 pulse convertor
PRINCIPAL SCHEME
CONVERTER STATION
CONVERTER TRANSFORMERS
The largest plant item to be shipped to site for an HVDC project
12-pulse converter requires two 3-phase systems which are spaced
apart from each other by 30 or 150 electrical degrees. This is achieved
by installing a transformer on each network side in the vector groups
Yy0 and Yd5.
Common transformer arrangements in HVDC schemes
CONVERTER TRANSFORMERS
It is important that the converter transformer be thermally designed
to take into consideration both the fundamental frequency load and
the AC harmonic currents that will flow from the converter through the
converter transformer to the AC harmonic filters.
EARTH ELECTRODES
4. COMPARISON
PWM offers the possibility to control both active and reactive power
independently.
Achieved voltage
Desired voltage
MMC MODULATION
Both, the size of voltage steps and the related voltage gradients
can be reduced or minimized if the AC voltage generated by the
converter can be selected in smaller increments than at two or
three levels only.
The more steps that are used, the smaller is the proportion of
harmonics and the lower is the high-frequency noise.
Converters with high number of steps are termed multilevel
converters.
A new and different approach is Modular Multilevel Converter
(MMC) technology.
MMC MODULATION
DC filters are not required, nor are electrodes or electrode lines, the
neutral connection being made within the valve hall.
Back-to-Back HVDC Systems
Parallel multi-terminal DC
If all substations are connected to the Monopolar configuration/Bipolar
configuration same voltage
Series multi-terminal DC
If one or more converter bridges are added in series in one or both
poles
A combination of parallel and series connections of converter
bridges is a hybrid multi-terminal system
1. INTRODUCTION
4. COMPARISON
For the same reason XLPE cables cannot be used with HVDC LCC.
LCC vs VSC
Reactive power control and stability
Improved voltage stability VSC controller can control the reactive power and
the voltage. Reactive power flow can be independently controlled at each AC
network and the reactive power control is independent of active power control
This gives a serious advantage to the VSC technology in fault through
capability and black start capability.
The reactive control for the classical technology is done by capacitor bank
(slow switching scheme), thus the flexibility is not good and a continuous
control can not be done.
Voltage stability problems may also be experienced at the terminals of HVDC
links used for either long distance or back-to-back applications. They are
usually associated with the unfavorable reactive power load characteristics
of the converters.
Transmission capacity
HVDC LCC up to 6400 MW and Udc=800kV=
HVDC VSC up to 1100 MW and Udc=300kV=
LCC vs VSC
HVDC Converter Development
LCC vs VSC
LCCHVDC VSCHVDC
Sizesinglerangeconverter 150-1500MW 501100MW
Semiconductortechnology Thyristor IGBT
DCvoltage 800kV 320kV
Convertertechnology Linecommutated Selfcommutated
Controlofreactivepower No,onlyswitchingregulation yes,continuouscontrol
Voltagecontrol Limited Extensive
Faultridethrough No Yes
Blackstartcapability No Yes
Powerreversalwithoutinterruption No Yes
MinimumESCR 2 Norequired
MinimumDCpowerflow 5-10%ofratedpower Nominimumrequired
Typicallossesperconvertor 0,80% 2%
Operatingexperience >20years 8years
Operatingexperienceoffshore No Yes
Constructiontime 3(2)*years 1year
LCC vs VSC
Longdistance Interconnectionsof
WPPconnectionFeedofisolated
transmissionover asynchronous tonetwork loads
land/sea networks
LCCorCCCHVDCwith
OHL/Cables
CCCConvertersin
Back-to-Back
VSCconvertersinBack-
to-Back
VSCConverterswith
land/seacables
1. INTRODUCTION
4. COMPARISON
Idc=(Vrectifier-Vinverter)/Rdc
POWER-FREQUENCY CONTROL
Usually, a combination of control modes is used.
Normally, the control signal that acts on the
power controller of the DC link is a scheduled
delivered power by the DC link. That signal
remains the same as long as the scheduled
predetermined frequency remains within the
limits (dead band).
In case of violating the limits, the frequency
control system of the DC link will take over to
support the system frequency by modifing its
power output as needed (droop control).
If the maximum capacity of DC line is reached,
then frequency control system turns to be out of
action.
Control of LCC HVDC
4. COMPARISON
In addition, a reactive band for the load and voltage range and the
permitted voltage step during bank switching must be determined.
These factors will determine the size and number of filter and shunt
capacitor banks.
Reactive power balance
In order to keep power factor high, for rectifier and for inverter
must be kept low (however, not too low)
15 - 20
minimum value 15
Reactive power balance
Based on power factor reactive power absorption is approximately
1. Udc=const, /=const
2. Udc=const, Uv=const
3. Idc=const
Reactive power balance
Q
.5
Converter
Filter
.13
Id
1.
Unbalance
Reactive power balance
4. COMPARISON
SCR gives just the AC system strength taking into account the DC
transmission
ESCR is ratio between the short circuit level reduced by the reactive
power of the shunt capacitor banks and AC filters connected to the
AC bus at 1.0 per-unit voltage and the rated DC power
Short Circuit Ratio
4. COMPARISON
STATCOM provides
Necessary commutation voltage to the HVDC converter
Continuous AC voltage control
Fast reactive power compensation to the network under transient
conditions
Removal of possible non-characteristic harmonic interactions
Reactive power at CCC HVDC
Strong control system for HVDC lines will enhance the dynamic
performance of the AC systems in several aspects:
Damping electromechanical AC system oscillations
To enhance the transient stability in the AC system
Control of frequency and reactive power oscillation.
STABILITY IMPROVEMENT
Control system provides accurate and fast control of the active
power flow - to increase the transient stability of the AC system.
After a specific disturbance, HVDC link can be controlled in a
manner such that the DC power can be ramped up and down
quickly to restore the balance between generation and load in both
sides of the AC system.
In some situation ramping up the power is necessary to assist
system stability and this can be done by means of the short term
overloading capabilities of the HVDC link.
Controlling the HVDC converters so as to provide reactive power
and voltage support, can be useful to augment transient stability.
Overview HVDC System Benefits
4. COMPARISON
Set requirements for new demand users and DSO connections and
to outline demand side response requirements related to system
frequency
ACTIVE POWER CONTROL
Frequency ranges
stay connected to the Network and remain operable within the Frequency ranges and
time periods (minutes in table)
capable of automatic disconnection at specified frequencies
FrequencyRange Timeperiodforoperation
47.0 Hz 47.5 Hz 30 minutes
47.5 Hz 51.5 Hz Unlimited
51.5 Hz 52.0 Hz 30 minutes
Parameters Ranges
Frequency response 0-500 mHz
deadband
Droop s1 (upward Minimum 0,1 %
regulation)
Droop s2 (downward Minimum 0,1 %
regulation)
Frequency response Maximum 30 mHz
insensitivity
<300 kV 300-400 kV
VoltageRange Timeperiodforoperation VoltageRange Timeperiodforoperation
0.85 pu 1.118 pu Unlimited 0.85 pu 1.05 pu Unlimited
1.118 pu 1.15 pu To be established by each relevant 1.05 pu 1.0875 pu To be specified by each TSO, but not
system operator, in coordination less than 60 minutes
with the relevant TSO but not less
than 20 minutes 1.0875 pu 1.10 pu 60 minutes