BY:

Ahmed Khalid GasmElseed Abdalla SCM-031773

Supervisor:
Ms.Nazlina
 Kenaf scientific name (Hibiscus cannabinus)

From Malvaceae family

Tall woody tropical plant

Native to east-central Africa

Grown for food and fiber(oleic & linoleic)

Its solution extract used as traditional medicine

(tocopherols) Figure-1-Kenaf plant
 Extraction via soxhlet using hexane as solvent

Solid to solvent ratio

Particle size & oil yield

Chemical analysis {Fatty acid, Refractive Index, GC-MS}

 Kenaf fibre is produced mostly in India which is the number one producer along
with China and trailed by Bangladesh.

At present, development of kenaf plants is in more than 20 nations and the

aggregate production of kenaf and other unified plants was 284,100 tons in
2010/2011
 Presented in mid 70s

Became the fourth industrial crop in Malaysia

Substitute for tobacco

Production rate of 3000 tons per year

In 2004 the government allocated 12million RM for further research on future

improvements.

Industrialized in locations of Terengganu, Pahang and Kelantan.

 Edible oil : high fatty acid (20.1%-45.9%) and nutritional value

Fiber : very good quality, durable and efficient ink absorption

Forage : high protein and amino acid content in kenaf leaves make it suitable for
livestock consumption

Medicine :
Cardiovascular health {high mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids}
Anti-cancer properties {presence of alpha-linolenic acid with anti-inflammatory and
anti-thrombotic activity, and presence of phytosterol and tocopherols which anti-
oxidant and lipid lowering cholesterol}
 Solid-liquid extraction

The transition component diffuses into the

solvent

Further processes on the solvent with

dissolved transition component (distillation/
evaporation)

Figure-2-Schematic of solid-liquid
extraction process
 Super critical fluid: the use of dense gases
that possess solvating power, low surface
tension and viscosity with high diffusion
coefficient.

Sonic extraction : repetitive high and low

pressure cycles and fluid jets help break cell
walls and helps mass transfer from internal
cell to solvent

Figure-3-Oil yield percentage for different

extraction methods(Kim Wei Chan et al,2011)
 Drying
Seed Grinding
pretreatment Sieving

Soxhlet
Extraction Solvent-oil separation

FFA
Analysis Refractive Index
GC/MS
 Cleaned and dried in the oven for 12 hours @ 45 C to reduce moisture for
better grinding

Two stages of grinding at FRIM (forest research institute Malaysia) until it

becomes a fine powder(10-15min on each stage)

Sample is sieved in a lab scale sieving machine located in UTM

university(Kuala lumpur) resulting in three samples with different particle size
ranged between 1.18mm- 212m (15min intervals)

(>1.18mm)
(1.17mm to 212m)
(<212m).
 A schematic representation of a Soxhlet
extractor
1: Stirrer bar
2: Still pot
3: Distillation path
4: Thimble
5: Solid
6: Siphon top
7: Siphon exit
8: Expansion adapter
9: Condenser
10: Cooling water in
11: Cooling water out
Figure-4-Soxhlet Extractor
 FFA : Direct titration using 0.1M NaOH solution where the FFA value is given by
the following equation:

28.2
. ().
 Measure of ratio of speed of light

Each oil has a standard range

(1.4717 for Kenaf)

The device used is Refractometer

Figure-5-Small refractometer
device
Figure-6- GC/MS block diagram (ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO 2014)


Figure-3-Oil yield percentage for different

extraction methods(Kim Wei Chan et al,2011)
 Chan, K. and Ismail, M. (2009). Supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction of
Hibiscus cannabinus L. seed oil: A potential solvent-free and high antioxidative
edible oil. Food Chemistry, 114(3), pp.970-975.
Jute.org. (2017). IJSG - Statistics on Jute & Kenaf. [online] Available at:
http://jute.org/statistics_01.htm [Accessed 1 May 2017].
Mariod, A., Matthus, B. and Ismail, M. (2011). Comparison of Supercritical Fluid
and Hexane Extraction Methods in Extracting Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) Seed
Oil Lipids. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 88(7), pp.931-935.
Yusri, N., Chan, K., Iqbal, S. and Ismail, M. (2012). Phenolic Content and
Antioxidant Activity of Hibiscus cannabinus L. Seed Extracts after Sequential
Solvent Extraction. Molecules, 17(12), pp.12612-12621.
Coetzee, R.; Labuschagne, M. T.; Hugo, A. Fatty acid and oil variation in seed
from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). Ind. Crops Prod., 2008; 27: 104-111.