High Yield Series on

Safety

For Engineering Services Examination

Non Technical Paper 1
- By Himanshu Gautam
AIR 9, ESE 2017 (CE)
About me :
Himanshu Gautam
B.Tech in Civil Engineering from
MNNIT Allahabad (2016 Passout)
Currently Working as Assistant manager in NTPC
Secured AIR 9 in ESE 2017

For any queries, contact on:

h.gautam.mnnit@gmail.com
 What is Safety?
Safety
Freedom from un expectable risk of harm
It is set of rules which is required to save the human life,
equipments and environment

Accident
The undesirable event giving rise to death, ill health, injury,
property damage or other losses

Incident
Event that gave rise to an accident or had the potential to
lead to accident
 Types of Accidents
Near Miss Accident:
An event that gives rises to an accident or has the potential
to lead to an accident or an accident where no ill health,
injury, damage or other loss occurs.

Non Reportable Injury:

Non-Reportable injury is an injury by reason of which the
person injured is prevented from working for a period of less
than 48 hours immediately following the accident.

Reportable Injury:
An injury causing disablement extending 48 hours beyond
the day or shift on which the accident occurred.
 Types of Accidents
Dangerous Occurrence:
As prescribed under Section 88-A of the Factories Act and
relevant Factories Rules:
Ex: Bursting of Pressure Vessel, Release of Toxic or harmful gases,
collapse of building, overturning of a crane etc. (without causing
injuries)
 CHAIN OF EVENTS

ORIGIN OF FAULTS

HUMAN FAILURE

UNSAFE ACTS UNSAFE CONDITION

ACCIDENT

INJURY
 Unsafe Act of Persons 88 %
Unsafe
Mechanical / 10 %
Physical
Natural Calamities
Condition 2%

98 % OF THE ACCIDENTS CAN BE PREVENTED.

 Causes that Lead to Unsafe Acts
Lack of knowledge or skill (Unaware of safe practice, unskilled etc.)

Improper attitude (disregard of instruction etc.)

Physical or mental deficiency (defective eye sight or hearing, fatigue

etc.)
 Causes of Accident: Unsafe Acts

Use of improper PPEs

PPEs not being used
Use of non insulated tools
Use of plier for pulling of fuses
Fuses kept in compartments
Tools not suitable for Environment Conditions
Colour coding, voltage, technical details not
displayed
PTW system not followed
Casual approach in isolation
Over confidence
Behavioral aspects
Working in drunken condition
 Elimination of Unsafe act
Initial job instructions
Priority to Engg. Revision over work method
Stressing the after effect of an accident
Appeal to the workers love for his family
Showing disapproval of Unsafe Acts.
Education
 Causes of Accident: Unsafe conditions

Any physical condition

which deviates from
accepted norm or
practice and has the
potential to cause
accident.
 Causes of Accident: Unsafe conditions
1. Inadequate / lack of guards
2. Defective tools / equipments
3. Unsafe / no scaffold
4. Lack of shield
5. Defective vehicles
6. Lack of electrical earthing
7. Congested areas
8. Poor illumination
9. Lack of insulation on hot and
cold surfaces
10. Lack of cordoning
Causes of Accident: Unsafe conditions
Causes of Accident: Unsafe conditions
Causes of Accident: Unsafe conditions

Immediately remove damaged or

defective slings from service
Causes of Accident: Unsafe conditions
Methods of Prevention of Accidents
1. Eliminating unsafe actions by means
of

- Personal adjustment
- Safety education and training
- Proper supervision
- Discipline
- Creating and sustaining enthusiasm
 Methods of Prevention of Accidents
2. Eliminating unsafe conditions by means of

- Safe guarding all machines, equipments,

work places etc.
- Rectifying or preventing defective
conditions
- Safe design and construction
- Safe methods and practices,
arrangements
- Adequate and suitable illumination and
ventilation
- Safe dress and personal protective
equipments
 Methods of Prevention of Accidents

Detection and correction of U.C.

Regular and planned Safety inspection.
Conditions such as material left in the passage, guard which has
been removed, improperly stacked material etc can be eliminated
without the assistance of any one in higher Management.
Management help would be required. [In case of design
modification, system updation, etc. ]
Reporting to appropriate authority and strive to eliminate the hazard
Priority to eliminate hazardous conditions
Better not to depend too much on human elements
 Methods of Prevention of Accidents
3. Discovering causes by means of

-Job Safety analysis

-Investigating accidents
-Inspection of plants and equipments
-Record and tabulation of data
-Analysis of data
 Factors of Accidents
The accidents may be due to the following factors

Mechanical
These relates to the defects and inadequate safeguards of machinery
to unsafe conditions of equipment Inadequately guarded, Unguarded,
Unsafe design or construction, Hazardous arrangement (pilling,
Overloading, etc.)

Environment
Illumination ,Ventilation, Temperature, Speed of work, Hours of work

Human
- Individual Factors - Psychological Factors
- Personality factors- Sociological Factors
 Factors of Accidents
Human Factors
Individual Factors
1.Age
2.Marriage
3.Education
4.Health
5.Length of service
6.Work performance
Psychological Factors
a) Attitude towards job
b)Interest and Difficulties
c)Machine habits
d)Attention
e)Fatigue
Personality Factors
a) Intellectual level
b) Emotional maturity
c) Adjustment
d) Anxiety level
Sociological Factors
a)Size of family
b)Number of dependents
c)Financial position
d)Social Status
e)Interpersonal relations
f)Home environment
Cost of Accident

1. Cost to injured

2. Cost to Management

3. Cost to Society
 Cost of Accident

1. Cost to injured

Pain & suffering of the injury or illness;

Loss of income and possible loss of job; Health-care
cost
Family sufferings
 Cost of Accident

2. Cost to Management
A. Direct cost
Compensation paid to the injured person
Medical expenses
B. Indirect cost
Lost time of the injured employees.
Lost time of other employees
Lost time of foreman,supervisors,executives
Cost time of hospital staff.
Cost of damage to material & equipment.
Incidental cost.
Costs under employee welfare and benefit systems.
Overhead cost over injured worker.

3. Cost to Society
Cost of Accident
Need for safety

1. To safeguard the employees.

2. To increase the production.
3. To reduce the cost of the product.
4. To make use of Human Resources.
 Safety Objectives
1. Prime purpose is humanitarian i.e. to avoid
immediate suffering
Impairment temporary or permanent
Economic effects on the injured and his family
Loss of human resources

2. Reduction of costs
Accident prevention work can reduce the costs of production, operation and maintenance
Availability of manpower essential to production
Interruption of the orderly process

3. Intangible gains through improvement in

Morale
Public relations
4. To comply and achieve standards / legislation
 Philosophy of safety
1. Most accidents are preventable.
2. Most accidents are direct result of a faulty/
negative attitude towards safe practice.
3. Front line Supervisors are in the best position to
correct and mould employee attitude.
4. Conviction is more to be desired than
compulsion.
5. Accidents and injuries will continue to occur
until each employee follows Safe Practices.
Personnel Protective Equipments (PPEs)
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

- Head Protection

- Eye Protection

- Respiratory Protection

- Ear Protection

- Hand Protection

- Foot Protection

- Fall Protection
Safety helmet

Safety harness / safety belt

Retractable fall arrestor

Reflective jacket
Gloves

Safety Shoes

Scaffolding

Safety
Safety net
Department
Safety
Department
NTPC Khargone
Safety
Department
NTPC Khargone
Thank you !!!