PIPE SYSTEMS AND FLUID

METERS
MULTIPLE PIPE SYSTEMS

Literally thousands of papers in the literature report experimental data for

specifiinternal and external viscous flows. We have already seen several examples:

1. Vortex shedding from a cylinder (Fig. 5.2).

2. Drag of a sphere and a cylinder (Fig. 5.3).
3. Hydraulic model of a dam spillway (Fig. 5.9).
4. Rough-wall pipe fl ows (Fig. 6.12).
5. Secondary fl ow in ducts (Fig. 6.16).
6. Minor duct loss coeffi cients (Sec. 6.9).
 6.12 Fluid Meters

1. Trajectory of fl oats or neutrally buoyant particles.

2. Rotating mechanical devices:
a. Cup anemometer.
b. Savonius rotor.
c. Propeller meter.
d. Turbine meter.
3. Pitot-static tube (Fig. 6.30).
4. Electromagnetic current meter.
5. Hot wires and hot fi lms.
6. Laser-doppler anemometer (LDA).
7. Particle image velocimetry (PIV).