Intro to Transmission Lines

except FOC and waveguides,

review of coordinate system,
common constants, dB, EM wave
& velocity factor
Group 1
ANICETO, MARIELLE C.
AGUILAR, RUSSELLE
ALVIOR, EMILIO
 INTRODUCTION
Transmission Media describes the type of
physical system used to carry a
communication signal from one system
to another.

The characteristics and quality of data

transmission are determined by medium
and signal characteristics.
 INTRODUCTION
2 Types
Guided Media
: those with some form of conductor
that provides a conduit in which
electromagnetic signals are contained.
: medium characteristics are more
important
: examples are copper wire (electrical
current) and optical fiber
(electromagnetic waves through
nonconductive materials)
 INTRODUCTION
Unguided Media
: wireless systems
: signal characteristics are more important
: examples are copper air (Earths
Atmosphere) and free space (vacuum)
 INTRODUCTION
Transmission
Media

Guided Unguided
(wired) (wireless)

Twisted-pair Twisted-pair Atmosphere

cable cable

Coaxial
cable
 TRANSMISSION LINES
Transmission Lines
: a system of conductors having precise geometry
& arrangement that is used to transfer power
from a source to load with minimum loads.
: Media for conveying information from one point
to another.
: The conductive connections between system
elements which carry signal power.
 TRANSMISSION LINES
Transmission Lines
: Specifically, 2 or more electrical conductors
separated by a nonconductive insulator
(dielectric), such as a pair of wires or a system of
wire pairs.
: can be used to propagate dc or low- frequency
ac or very high frequencies
:
 TRANSVERSE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
TEM
: Transverse wave is the kind of waves for which
direction is perpendicular to the direction of the
propagation.
: a TEM propagates primarily in the nonconductor
(dielectric) that separates the two conductors of
the transmission line.
: in conductors, current and voltage are always
accompanied by an electric (E) field and a
magnetic (H) field in the adjoining region of
space.
 TRANSVERSE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
 TRANSVERSE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Characteristics of EM Waves
Wave Velocity
: in free space (vacuum), TEM waves travel at the
speed of light : c = 186, 281 statute miles/sec or
299,793,000 m/sec or 186,000 mi/s and
3 x 10^8 m/s
: in air (Earths atmosphere), TEM waves travel
slightly slower and along a transmission line, TEM
waves travel considerably slower
 TRANSVERSE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Characteristics of EM Waves
Frequency and Wavelength
: the rate at which the periodic wave repeats is its
frequency, the distance of one cycle occurring in
space is called the wavelength

Distance = velocity x time

 TRANSVERSE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
 TRANSVERSE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
 TRANSMISSION LINES
Balanced Tx Lines
 TRANSMISSION LINES
Balanced Tx Lines
: the signal propagating down the wire is
measured as the potential difference between
the two wires.
: has the advantage that most noise interference
(common-mode interference) is induced equally
in both wires, producing longitudinal currents
that cancel in the load.
 TRANSMISSION LINES
Unbalanced Tx Lines
 TRANSMISSION LINES
Unbalanced Tx Lines
: one wire is at ground potential, and the other is
at signal potential.
: the ground wire may also be the reference for
other signal- carrying wires.
: advantage is it requires only one wire for each
signal, and only one ground line no matter how
many signals are grouped into conductor.
: disadvantage is has reduced immunity to
common-mode signals, such as noise and other
interference.
COORDINATE SYSTEM
COORDINATE SYSTEM
COORDINATE SYSTEM
 dB
Decibel (dB) definition
: Decibel (Symbol: dB) is a logarithmic unit that
indicates ratio or gain, used to indicate the level
of acoustic waves and electronic signals.
: Decibel is a dimensionless unit.
: The ratio in bels is the base 10 logarithm of the
ratio of P1 and P0:
RatioB = log10(P1 / P0)
: Decibel is one tenth of a bel, so 1 bel is equal to
10 decibels:
1B = 10dB
 dB
Power ratio
: The power ratio in decibels (dB) is 10 times
base 10 logarithm of the ratio of P1 and P0:

RatiodB = 10log10(P1 / P0)

 dB
Amplitude ratio
: The ratio of quantities like voltage, current and
sound pressure level are calculated as ratio of
squares.
: The amplitude ratio in decibels (dB) is 20 times
base 10 logarithm of the ratio of V1 and V0:

RatiodB = 10log10(V12 / V02) = 20log10(V1 / V0)

dB
 dB
Relative Decibel units
 dB
Power ratio to dB conversion
: The gain GdB is equal to 10 times base 10 logarithm of
the ratio of the power P2 and the reference power P1.

GdB = 10 log10(P2 / P1)

P2 is the power level.
P1 is the referenced power level.
GdB is the power ratio or gain in dB.

Example
Find the gain in dB for a system with input power of 5W
and output power of 10W.
GdB = 10 log10(Pout/Pin) = 10 log10(10W/5W) = 3.01dB
 dB
dB to power ratio conversion
: The power P2 is equal to the reference power
P1 times 10 raised
by the gain in GdB divided by 10.

P2 = P1 10(GdB / 10)

P2 is the power level.

P1 is the referenced power level.
GdB is the power ratio or gain in dB.
 dB
Amplitude ratio to dB conversion
: For amplitude of waves like voltage, current and
sound pressure level:

GdB = 20 log10(A2 / A1)

A2 is the amplitude level.

A1 is the referenced amplitude level.
GdB is the amplitude ratio or gain in dB.
 dB
dB to amplitude ratio conversion
A2 = A1 10(GdB/ 20)

A2 is the amplitude level.

A1 is the referenced amplitude level.
GdB is the amplitude ratio or gain in dB.

Example
Find the output voltage for a system with input
voltage of 5V and voltage gain of 6dB.
Vout = Vin 10 (GdB / 20) = 5V 10 (6dB / 20) = 9.976V 10V
 dB
Voltage gain
: The voltage gain (GdB) is 20 times the base 10
logarithm of the ratio of the output voltage (Vout)
and the input voltage (Vin):

GdB = 20log10(Vout / Vin)

 dB
Current gain
: The current gain (GdB) is 20 times the base 10
logarithm of the ratio of the output current (Iout)
and the input current (Iin):

GdB = 20log10(Iout / Iin)

 dB
Acoustic gain
: The acoustic gain of a hearing aid (GdB) is 20
times the base 10 logarithm of the ratio of the
output sound level (Lout) and the input sound
level (Lin).

GdB = 20log10(Lout / Lin)

 dB
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
: The signal to noise ratio (SNRdB) is 20 times the
base 10 logarithm of the signal amplitude (Asignal)
and the noise amplitude (Anoise):

SNRdB = 20log10(Asignal / Anoise)

 VELOCITY FACTOR
Velocity factor
: is purely a factor of the insulating materials
relative permittivity (otherwise known as
its dielectric constant), defined as the ratio of a
materials electric field permittivity to that of a
pure vacuum.
: The ratio of a transmission lines true propagation
velocity and the speed of light in a vacuum is
called the velocity factor of that line
 VELOCITY FACTOR
: The velocity factor of any cable typecoaxial or
otherwisemay be calculated quite simply by
the following formula: