LTE Radio Performance Management

Introduction
[RL20] RA4133-20A
RECAP - NSN E-UTRAN

Module 1

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RL20 RECAP NSN E-UTRAN

Introduction of advanced UMTS EPS/LTE

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LTE Timing
3GPP and Networks

Release 8 Release 9 Release 10

Peak rate
150 Mbps with 20 MHz1 150 Mbps with 20 MHz1 1 Gbps with 40 MHz3

Average rate
35 Mbps with 20 MHz1 35 Mbps with 20 MHz1 140 Mbps with 40 MHz2

3GPP spec
ready June 2011
March 2009 March 2010 (expected)

Networks + first
CPEs 2H/2010 2H/2011 End-2012

Basic LTE Small enhancements including LTE-Advanced

1With 2x2 antennas VoIP, femto handovers, MBMS
2With 4x4 antennas and positioning
3With 8x8 antennas

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Presentation / Author / Date
What is new in LTE?
New radio transmission schemes: Important for Radio Planning:
OFDMA in downlink Frequency Reuse 1
No need for Frequency Planning
SC-FDMA in uplink Importance of interference control
MIMO Multiple Antenna Technology No need to define neighbour lists in LTE
LTE requires Physical Layer Cell Identity
planning (504 physical layer cell IDs organised
New radio protocol architecture: into 168 groups of 3)
Additional areas need to be planned like
Complexity reduction PRACH parameters, PUCCH and PDCCH
capacity and UL Demodulation Reference
Focus on shared channel operation, no Signal
dedicated channels anymore

New network architecture: flat

architecture
More functionality in the base station
(eNodeB)
Focus on packet switched domain

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Presentation / Author / Date
RL20 RECAP - NSN E-UTRAN

LTE architecture and interfaces

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NSN Network Architecture Evolution - Summary
3GPP Rel 6 / HSPA
Internet
Node B RNC SGSN GGSN

3GPP Rel 7 / HSPA SGSN

GGSN
Internet
Node B RNC Direct tunnel

3GPP Rel 7 / Internet HSPA SGSN

GGSN
Internet
Node B
Direct tunnel
(RNC Funct.)
MME
3GPP Rel 8 / LTE
SAE GW
Internet
Evolved Node B
Direct tunnel
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LTE/EPS Network Architecture Subsystems
LTE/EPS architecture is driven by the goal to optimize the system for packet data
transfer.
No circuit switched components
New approach in the inter-connection between radio access network and core
network (S1 interface)

The EPS architecture is made up of an EPC (Packet Core IMS/PDN

Network, also referred as SAE) and an eUTRAN Radio
Access Network (also referred as LTE)
The EPC provides access to external packet IP networks
and performs a number of CN related functions (e.g. QoS, EPC
security, mobility and terminal context management) for idle
(camped) and active terminals
EPS
The eUTRAN performs all radio interface related functions
eUTRAN

LTE-UE

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LTE/EPC Network Elements
Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

HSS
eNB
Mobility
Management
Entity Policy & Charging
S6a Rule Function

MME S10
X2
S7

PCRF
S11 Rx+
S1-U S5/S8 SGi
PDN
LTE-Uu Serving PDN
Evolved Node B
Gateway Gateway
(eNB)
LTE-UE
S-GW /P-GW

NOTE: Interface names are from draft specification and may not be the final interface names

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LTE Radio Interface and the X2 Interface
(E)-RRC User PDUs .. User PDUs LTE-Uu interface
PDCP
Air interface of LTE
RLC
Based on OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
TS 36.300
MAC
FDD and TDD duplex methods
LTE-L1 (FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA) eNB Scalable bandwidth 1.4MHz to currently 20
MHz
LTE-Uu MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) is a
major component although optional.
X2-UP X2 interface
X2-CP (User Plane) Inter eNB interface
(Control Plane) User PDUs Handover coordination without involving the
EPC
TS 36.423 X2-AP GTP-U
X2 X2AP: special signalling protocol
SCTP UDP TS 36.424
TS 36.422 During HO, Source eNB can use the X2
IP IP
interface to forward downlink packets still
TS 36.421 L1/L2 L1/L2 TS 36.421 buffered or arriving from the serving gateway to
the target eNB.
This will avoid loss of a huge amount of
TS 36.420 packets during inter-eNB handover.
eNB

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 TS 36.410
S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces [S1 general aspects & principles]

S1-MME
S1-MME (Control Plane)
Control interface between eNB and MME TS 24.301 NAS Protocols
MME and UE will exchange non-access stratum TS 36.413 S1-AP MME
signaling via eNB through this interface.
E.g.: if a UE performs a tracking area update the SCTP
TS 36.412
TRACKING AREA UPDATE REQUEST message IP
will be sent from UE to eNB and the eNB will eNB L1/L2 TS 36.411
forward the message via S1-MME to the MME.
S1AP:S1 Application Protocol S1-U
S1flex 1 eNB to connect to several MME (User Plane)
User PDUs

TS 29.281 GTP-U Serving

UDP Gateway
S1-U TS 36.414
IP
User plane interface between eNB and serving
gateway. TS 36.411 L1/L2
It is a pure user data interface (U=User plane).
S1flex-U also supported: a single eNB can connect
to several Serving GWs. TS 36.410
[S1 general aspects & principles]
Which Serving GW a users SAE bearer will have
to use is signaled from the MME of this user.

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LTE/EPS Mobility Areas
Two areas are defined for handling of mobility in LTE/EPS:

The Cell
Smallest entity regarding mobility
When the UE is connected to the network, the MME will know the
UEs position on cell level
Cells are identified by the Cell Global Identification (CGI), at the
system level, and by the Physical Cell Identification (PCI), at the
physical layer

Tracking Area (TA)

It is the successor of location and routing areas from 2G/3G.
When a UE is attached to the network, the MME will know the UEs
position on tracking area level.
In case the UE has to be paged, this will be done in the full tracking
area.
Tracking areas are identified by a Tracking Area Identity (TAI).

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LTE Mobility & Connection States

1.- EPS* Mobility Management (EMM) states

Deregistered
No location information in MME, no IP address or Default
Bearer
Registered
MME knows location at cell or tracking area level, Default
Bearer and IP address allocated for UE.

2.- EPS* Connection Management (ECM) states

ECM Idle
No NAS connection between UE and MME, mobility is based on
tracking area and cell reselection, no E-RAB (S1 and Uu), but
EPS Default Bearer is still allocated (S5 / S8).
ECM Connected
NAS connection established, E-RAB (S1 and Uu) is allocated,
mobility based on handover a cell level.

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EMM & ECM States Transitions
Power On

Release due to
Registration (Attach) Inactivity
Allocate C-RNTI, GUTI Release RRC connection
Allocate IP address Release C-RNTI
Authentication Configure DRX for paging
Establish security context

EMM_Deregistered EMM_Registered EMM_Registered

ECM_Idle ECM_Connected ECM_Idle

New Traffic
Deregistration (Detach) TAU
Change PLMN
Establish RRC Connection
Release C-RNTI, GUTI Allocate C-RNTI
Release IP address

Timeout of Periodic TA
Update

Release GUTI
Release IP address

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Terminology in LTE and in 3G
Connection and Mobility Management
3G LTE
Connection management

GPRS attached EMM registered

PDP context EPS bearer

Radio access bearer Radio bearer + S1 bearer

Mobility management

Location area Not relevant (no CS core)

Routing area Tracking area

Handovers (DCH) when RRC Handovers when RRC connected

connected

RNC hides mobility from core network Core network sees every handover

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Presentation / Author / Date
RL20 RECAP - NSN E-UTRAN

RRM framework - NSN feature performance

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RRM Framework

UE scope: Handover control, power control, Adaptive

Modulation & Coding, outer link quality control, MIMO
Cell scope: Radio Admission Control, Congestion Control
eNode B scope: Packet Scheduler (cell scope for simpler
implementation)
RAN scope: Load Balancing, Inter-cell Interference
Coordination
Multi-RAT scope: Interworking with GSM/EDGE and UMTS,
Inter-RAT HO

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eNodeB Parameters
What are they?
Radio Resource Manager (RRM)
Manages the utilization of the radio resources
Consist of different functions: i.e. Power Control,
Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility
Control
Functions consist on algorithms that define HOW to
handle the radio resources
Algorithms use parameters that define specifically
WHAT to do

Constants and threshold values that define and

configure the functions of the RRM

Example:
Handover: Better cell algorithm, A3 case
Do handover towards better cell if it is better than
a3Offset=5dB for at least a3TimeToTrigger=1280ms

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RRM Framework RL20
Functional Description of the different RRM Modules

Radio Admission Control : Admission control will be encharged of

deciding when new users (or mobility users) are allowed to establish bearers
in the cell
Packet Scheduler: Is encharged of UL & DL scheduling every TTI. PS will
decide which users are scheduled on a TTI basis and the amount of
resources allocated to each user.
Power Control: For DL it will be a semi static configuration whereas for UL
RRM will provide feedback for closed loop power control to reduce UL
interference.
AMC (OLQC, OLLA) : AMC will perform Link Adaptation tasks to ensure
radio resources are used in the most efficient way possible.
MIMO: This module is encharged of selecting whether Transmit Diversity,
Spatial Multiplexing or dynamic switching between previous two modes will
be emplyed for every user based on UE feedback

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RL20 RECAP - NSN E-UTRAN

NSN LTE solution and features

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LTE FDD Release Roadmap
RL10 RL20 RL30 RL40
Available Available Ready for Contract Study Items

RRM / Telecom RRM / Telecom RRM / Telecom RRM / Telecom

Fair Scheduler Support of Multiple EPS Bearers Interference Aware Scheduling Smart DRX
Open / Closed Loop UL Power Control and Support of GBR EPS Bearer DRX in RRC Connected Mode Downlink Adaptive Closed Loop MIMO for
DL Power Setting Service Differentiation for Non-GBR EPS Operator Specific QCI Four Antennas
Link Adaptation by AMC (UL/DL) Bearer Cell ID Based Location Services Channel Aware Scheduler (UL)
CQI Adaptation (DL) Rate Capping Inter RAT Handover to WCDMA Service & Load Based Handover
Downlink Adaptive Open Loop MIMO for Two Intra LTE Handover via S1 NACC to GSM
Antennas Inter Frequency Handover Subscriber Profile Based Mobility O&M
Inter RAT Cell Re-Selection CS Fallback via Redirect Emergency Call SON -Optimization of InterRAT Neighbors
Redirect to LTE or Other Technology Emergency Call via CS Fallback SON -Automated Planning of eNB IP
Intra Frequency Handover via X2 O&M Addresses
O&M SON -ANR Fully UE Based SON -Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT)
O&M SON ANR (Intra-, Inter Frequency) SON -ANR InterRAT BTS Power Saving Mode
SON -LTE BTS Auto Connectivity Cell Outage Triggered Reset SON -Synchronization of InterRAT Neighbors
SON -LTE BTS Auto Configuration Cell and Subscriber Trace SON -Optimization Neighbor Relations BTS Site Solutions
SON -NetAct Optimizer LTE SON -Mobility Robustness (MRO)
Active Antenna (AAS)
SON -Central ANR BTS Site Solutions Medium Area BTS
SON -Self Healing BTS Site Solutions
RF Sharing GSM- LTE Distributed Site 4TX/4RX RRH
Security Double Baseband Capacity with Two
Frequency: 730, 850, 1600, 1800 MHz RF Chaining
Bandwidth: 15 MHz System Modules
Frequency: 760 MHz
BTS Site Solutions System Sharing WCDMA LTE
Feederless Flexi LTE BTS Site Transport Transport Beam forming with AAS
Frequency: 800, 1.7/2.1, 2100, 2600MHz QoS Aware Ethernet Switching Fast IP Rerouting
Bandwidth: 5, 10 and 20 MHz Ethernet OAM Ethernet Jumbo Frames Transport
Flexi Packet Radio Connectivity IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stack
Transport
Transport Separation for RAN Sharing
Flexi Transport Sub-Modules: FTIB, FTLB
Transport Congestion Control
Traffic Prioritization on IP Layer
Traffic Prioritization on Ethernet Layer
VLAN Based Traffic Differentiation
Traffic Shaping
IPSec Support

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Radio Enhancements of RL20 on top of RL10
Further SON functionalities Enhances mobility solutions
ANR and Inter-RAT ANR features Inter RAT Handover to WCDMA
Intra LTE Handover via S1
Inter Frequency Handover
Enhances the LTE QoS (Quality of NACC (network assisted cell change) to
Service) GSM
GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate) and
differentiation of 5 non-GBR bearer RL20 extends the supported deployment solutions
classes and frequency variants
Multiple bearer for simultaneous service 1800MHz (3GPP band 3) with Flexi
usage from one UE (user equipment) Multiradio Triple RF Module FXEA
RF Sharing GSM - LTE: concurrent mode
operation of radio modules
First steps towards VoLTE (Voice over
LTE) operation
VoLTE support with GBR, bearer
prioritization; also CS fallback

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Presentation / Author / Date
 EPS: Evolved Packet System
Types of bearers PDN-GW: Packet Data Network Gateway
E-RAB: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer
E-UTRAN EPC Internet

UE eNB S-GW P-GW Peer

Entity

End-to-end Service

Generated EPS Bearer External Bearer

from a
combination E-RAB S5/S8 Bearer
of Radio Generated from
Bearer and Radio Bearer S1 Bearer
an E-RAB and
S1 bearer S5/S8 bearer

Radio S1 S5/S8 Gi
EPS bearer provides user plane connectivity between UE and PDN-GW
EPS carries user data between UE and PDN

Radio bearers provide connectivity across the air interface. Two types:
Signalling Radio Bearers (SRB) carry C-plane data (RRC and NAS messages) or
Data Radio Bearers (DRB) carry U-plane data (user data/traffic)
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Presentation / Author / Date
Bearer Management
EPS Bearer
There is always at least one EPS Bearer (default bearer) to provide always-on IP
connectivity:
Created during the attach procedure
It does not mean that there is a Data Radio Bearer established all the time

Any additional EPS Bearer is called a dedicated bearer

All user plane data transferred with the same EPS bearer has the same QoS

Support for multiple EPS bearers is a pre-requisite for voice support

Conversational Voice cannot be carried with just with non GBR bearers Requires two
bearers:
QCI (QoS Class Identifier)=1 for user data
QCI=5 for IMS signalling

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Presentation / Author / Date
 RL20
Support of Multiple EPS Bearers
Multiple sessions per UE

It is possible to support up to 4 EPS bearers per UE

The EPS bearers can have different QoS requirements (QCI) so multiple services can
be used at one UE
Supported radio bearers combinations per UE and Flexi Multiradio BTS:
SRB1 + SRB2 + 2 x AM(*) DRB
SRB1 + SRB2 + 3 x AM DRB (*) AM: Acknowledged mode
SRB1 + SRB2 + 4 x AM DRB

SRB1: transfer RRC messages using

DCCH logical channel. Also NAS msg. if
SRB2 is not configured
SRB2: transfer RRC messages using
DCCH and which encapsulate a NAS msg.
SRB2 has lower priority that SRB1

Feature ID(s): LTE7

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Presentation / Author / Date
 RL20
Service Differentiation for Non-GBR EPS Bearer
QCI (QoS Class Identifier) based service differentiation

Differentiation of 5 different non-GBR QCI QCI Resource Priority Packet Packet Example Services
classes with relative scheduling weights Type Delay Error
Budget Loss
- QCIs: 5,6,7,8,9 Rate
1 2 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice
Support of different non-GBR QoS GBR
classes 2 4 150 ms 10-3 Conversational Video (Live Streaming)
Flexi Multiradio allows to assign relative
3 3 50 ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming
scheduling weights for each non GBR QCI
on cell level 4 5 300 ms 10-6 Non-Conversational Video (Buffered
Streaming)
The relative weight is considered by the UL 5 1 100 ms 10-6 IMS Signalling
and DL scheduler
6 Video (Buffered Streaming)
Default bearers are set up with QCI 9 (for Non-GBR
6 300 ms 10-6 TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp,
non-privileged users) or QCI 8 (for premium p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)
users)
7 Voice,
7 100 ms 10-3 Video (Live Streaming)
Interactive Gaming
8
8 300 ms 10-6 Video (Buffered Streaming)
TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp,
9 9 300 ms 10-6 p2p file
sharing, progressive video, etc.)

Feature ID(s): LTE9

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Presentation / Author / Date
 RL20
EPS Bearers for Conversational Voice

Support of GBR bearer with QCI=1

QCI Resourc Priority Packet Packet Example Services
Support of GBR QCI=1 e Type Delay Error
Budget Loss
Needed to introduce high quality voice services Rate
in LTE 1 2 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice
GBR
IMS based voice services 2 4 150 ms 10-3 Conversational Video (Live Streaming)

Admission control enhancements to handle 3 3 50 ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming

GBR traffic
4 5 300 ms 10-6 Non-Conversational Video (Buffered
RLC UM is applied for EPS bearers with QCI=1 Streaming)
5 1 100 ms 10-6 IMS Signalling
Bearer combinations
6 Video (Buffered Streaming)
SRB1+SRB2+ Non-GBR
6 300 ms 10-6 TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp,
p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.)
1, 2, 3 or 4 x AM DRB +
7 Voice,
1 x UM DRB 7 100 ms 10-3 Video (Live Streaming)
Interactive Gaming
8
8 300 ms 10-6 Video (Buffered Streaming)
TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp,
9 9 300 ms 10-6 p2p file
sharing, progressive video, etc.)

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Presentation / Author / Date
 MSS: Mobile Softwitching solution
LTE Voice Evolution NVS: Nokia Siemens Networks Voice Server
IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem

LTE broadband for high IMS for enriched IP

Fast-Track VoLTE
speed data multimedia services
LTE LTE VoIP
LTE VoIP
HSPA MSS HSPA HSPA NVS
EPC NVS IMS
I-HSPA I-HSPA MSS I-HSPA
2G/3G 2G/3G EPC
EPC

Introduce NVS Evolution to IMS

VoIP solution VoIP solution

Simple upgrade of MSS IMS-centric service

Main focus on LTE data with NVS (VoIP) function
CS Fallback to 2G/3G CS Fully IMS compatible reuse
access for voice of CS infra-structure for
LTE VoIP capable handsets
Re-use existing MSC
Server system for voice SRVCC (HO LTE VoIP to
2G/3G CS)
architecture
Rich Communication
Services with full
multimedia telephony
Support for any access
SRVCC (HO LTE VoIP to
2G/3G VoIP)

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Presentation / Author / Date
 RL20
CSFB to UTRAN or GSM via redirect
Voice on legacy networks

Redirection from LTE to UTRAN or to GSM during the call

setup
Both, MOC and MTC setup supported
EPC must support CS inter-working for mobility
management and paging
Redirection by RRC connection release message with a
RedirectedCarrierInfo IE that enforces the UE to search for
any cell first at the highest priority UTRA carrier or within
BCCH carrier set for GSM
Priorities for fallback layers are operator configurable
UE will camp back into the LTE carrier after termination of Required when there is no Conversational
the CS call Voice support on LTE side

CSFB: Call Setup Fallback

MOC: Mobile Originated Calls
MTC: Mobile Terminated Calls

Feature ID(s): LTE562

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Presentation / Author / Date
 RL20
Intra LTE Handover via S1
Extended mobility option to X2 handover

Applicable for intra and inter frequency HO

DL Data forwarding via S1
Handover in case of
no X2 interface between eNodeBs, e.g. not operative, not
existing or because blacklisted usage
eNodeBs connected to different CN elements

Not visible for the UE is HO is executed via X2 or S1 interface

MME and/or SGW can be changed during HO (i.e. if source and target eNodeB belong to different MME/S-
GW)

Feature ID(s): LTE54

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Presentation / Author / Date
 RL20
Inter Frequency Handover
Multi-band mobility

Network controlled and UE assisted

UE needs to support both bands and inter-frequency
HO
Event triggered based on DL measurement RSRP and
RSRQ
Inter frequency measurements triggered by events
A1/A2
Operator configurable thresholds for
coverage based (A5),
best cell based (A3) handover

Service continuity for LTE deployment in different frequency bands as well as for LTE deployments within
one frequency band but with different center frequencies
Blacklists

Feature ID(s): LTE55

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Presentation / Author / Date
RL20 Parameter Object Structure
LNMME

1..1

LNBTS 0..32 LNADJ

serving eNB neighbour eNB

adjWinfList 1..3 adjCelInfoL 1..3

LNADJW
LNCEL 0..98 LNADJL
neighbour 0..32 serving eNB cell neighbour eNB cell
WCDMA cell

LNHOW REDRT IAFIM IRFIM UFFIM GFIM CDFIM

0..16 0..2 0..1 0..8 0..1 0..1 0..1

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Thank You !

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