- macroclimate
- microclimate
SITE CLIMATE
Local factors
Topography
Ground surface
SITE CLIMATE
Local factors
Topography
slope, orientation, exposure, elevation, hills or valleys
Ground surface
weather natural or man made, its reflectance, permeability and the
soil temp., as these affect the vegetation, and intern affects the climate.
Ex- woods, shrubs, grass, paving, water, etc.
SITE CLIMATE
Air temperature
At any point near ground the air temp. is dependent upon the amount of
heat gained or lost at the earths surface and any other surface the air has
recently been in contact.
DAY
NIGHT
TEMPERATURE INVERSION
upward eddies and Katabatic winds
SITE CLIMATE
HUMIDITY
At
DAY
NIGHT
SITE CLIMATE
PRECIPITATION
When ground changes level by
more than 300m 300 m.
SITE CLIMATE
PRECIPITATION
If rainfall generally occurs with
high velocities, resulting in
driving rain , the effect will be
more pronounce on the
windward side than on the
leeward slope, as explained by
the parallelogram of forces.
SITE CLIMATE
SOLAR RADIATION
FACTORS EFFECTING SOLAR RADIATION
SITE CLIMATE
AIR MOVEMENT
SITE CLIMATE
VEGITATION AND SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
URBAN CLIMATE
SITE CLIMATE
THERMAL COMFORT
What is Thermal Comfort?
20%
utilized
remaining
THERMAL COMFORT
Metabolic Rate
0.8 Met
THERMAL COMFORT
Met Value Table
Activity Metabolic rates [M]
Reclining 46 W/m2 0.8 Met
Seated relaxed 58 W/m2 1.0 Met
Clock and watch repairer 65 W/m2 1.1 Met
Standing relaxed 70 W/m2 1.2 Met
Car driving 80 W/m2 1.4 Met
Standing, light activity (shopping) 93 W/m2 1.6 Met
Walking on the level, 2 km/h 110 W/m2 1.9 Met
Standing, medium activity (domestic work) 116 W/m2 2.0 Met
Washing dishes standing 145 W/m2 2.5 Met
Walking on the level, 5 km/h 200 W/m2 3.4 Met
Building industry 275 W/m2 4.7 Met
Sports - running at 15 km/h 550 W/m2 9.5 Met
THERMAL COMFORT
Met Value Examples
THERMAL COMFORT
BODYS HEAT LOSS
The deep body temperature must remain balanced and constant
around 37C . In order to maintain body temp. at this steady level,
all surplus heat must be dissipated to the environment.
Body heat can be released into the environment by
-Convection
-Radiation
-Evaporation
-Conduction
THERMAL COMFORT
THERMAL BALANCE OF THE BODY
THERMAL COMFORT
REGULATORY MECHANISMS
VASOMOTOR REGULATIONS
THERMAL COMFORT
HEAT LOSS IN VARIOUS THERMAL
ENVIRONMENT
Influencing Factors
Environmental factors:
dry-bulb temp.
relative humidity (or water vapour pressure)
influences evap heat loss and skin wettedness
usually RH between 30% and 70% is comfortable
THERMAL COMFORT
HEAT LOSS IN VARIOUS THERMAL
ENVIRONMENT
Influencing Factors
Other factors affecting comfort:
age
sensation of old people and younger people
adaptation
people in warm climates may adapt to hot environment
sex
women: lower skin temp., evap loss and lower met. rate
clothing and perferrence of temp.
THERMAL COMFORT
EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE
A comfort index or scale that takes into account the temperature of air, its moisture
content, and movement.
PSYCHROMETER
an instrument for determining atmos
pheric humidity by the reading of two
thermometers, the bulb of one
being kept moist and ventilated.
WBT
Kata thermometer