4 Pure Bending

4- 2

Pure Bending Pure Bending:

Prismatic members
subjected to equal
and opposite
couples acting in
the same
longitudinal plane
 4- 3

Other Loading Types

Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple

Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple

Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
 4- 4

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Fx x dA 0
M y z x dA 0
M z y x dA M
 4- 5

Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
 4- 6

Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,

L y
L L y y
y y
x (strain varies linearly)
L
c c
m or
m
y
x m
c
 4- 7

Stress Due to Bending

For a linearly elastic material,
y
x E x E m
c
y
m (stress varies linearly)
c

For static equilibrium,

For static equilibrium,
y
Fx 0 x dA m dA
y
c M y x dA y m dA
c
0 m y dA I
c M m y 2 dA m
c c
First moment with respect to neutral Mc M
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral m
I S
surface must pass through the y
section centroid. Substituti ng x m
c
My
x
I
 4- 8

Beam Section Properties

The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
m
I S
I section moment of inertia
I
S section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I 12 bh
S 16 bh3 16 Ah
c h2

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
 4- 9

Properties of American Standard Shapes

 4- 10

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1 1 Mc
m m
c Ec Ec I
M

EI

Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
y y
y x z x

Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1
anticlastic curvature

We must make sure that the couples are applied to the member through the use of
rigid and smooth plates (plane section+ free of shearing stress).
 4- 11

Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y
yA
A

I x I A d 2
Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
m
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted
upon by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing Calculate the curvature
E = 165 GPa and neglecting the 1 M

effects of fillets, determine (a) the EI
maximum tensile and compressive
stresses, (b) the radius of curvature.
 4- 12

Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20 90 1800 50 90 103
2 40 30 1200 20 24 103
3
A 3000 yA 114 10

3
yA 114 10
Y 38 mm
A 3000

121 bh3 A d 2
I x I A d 2
12
1 90 203 1800 122 1 30 403 1200 182
12
I 868 103 mm 4 868 10-9 m 4
 4- 13

Sample Problem
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m
I
M c A 3 kN m 0.022 m A 76.0 MPa
A
I 868 10 m 9 4

M cB 3 kN m 0.038 m 131.3 MPa

B
B
I 868 10 m 9 4

Calculate the curvature

1 M

EI
3 kN m 1
20.95 10 3 m-1
165 GPa 868 10-9 m 4


47.7 m
 4- 14

Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
Normal strain varies linearly.
y
x

Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
E1 y E2 y
1 E1 x 2 E2 x

Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
Elemental forces on the section are
Ey E y
dF1 1dA 1 dA dF2 2dA 2 dA

Define a transformed section such that
My
x
dF2
nE1 y dA E1 y n dA E
n 2
I
E1
1 x 2 n x

Example
SOLUTION:
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 200 GPa) and brass (Eb
= 100 GPa). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 4.5 KNm
is applied.
4- 15
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
Evaluate the cross sectional properties of
the transformed section
Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Determine the maximum stress in the
steel portion of the bar by multiplying
the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of
elasticity.
 4- 16

Example
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 200GPa
n 2.0
Eb 100GPa
bT 10 mm 2 18 mm 10 mm 56 mm

Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

I 121 bT h3 121 56 mm 75 mm
3

1.96875 106 mm 4
Calculate the maximum stresses
Mc 4500 Nm0.0375 m
m 85.7 MPa
I 1.96875 10-6 m 4

b max m b max 85.7 MPa

s max n m 2 85.7 MPa s max 171.4 MPa
 4- 17

Reinforced Concrete Beams

Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
To determine the location of the neutral axis,
bx x n As d x 0
2
1 b x2 n As x n As d 0
2

The normal stress in the concrete and steel

My
x
I
c x s n x
 4- 18

Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.

Evaluate geometric properties of

transformed section.

Calculate the maximum stresses

in the concrete and steel.

A concrete floor slab is reinforced with 16-

mm-diameter steel rods. The modulus of
elasticity is 200 GPa for steel and 25 GPa
for concrete. With an applied bending
moment of 4.5 kNm for 0.3 m width of the
slab, determine the maximum stress in the
concrete and steel.
 4- 19

Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
Es 200 GPa
n 8.0
Ec 25 GPa

nAs 8.0 2 4 16mm 3216 mm 2
2

Evaluate the geometric properties of the

transformed section.
x
300 x 3216100 x 0 x 36.8 mm
2

I 13 300 mm 36.8 mm 3216 mm 2 63.2 mm 12.8 106 mm 4
3 2

Calculate the maximum stresses.

Mc1 4500 Nm 0.0368 m c 12.9 MPa
c
I 12.8 10-6 m 4
Mc 4500 Nm 0.0632 m s 177.8 MPa
s n 2 8.0
I 12.8 10-6 m 4
 4- 20

Stress Concentrations

Stress concentrations may occur: Mc

m K
I
in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied

in the vicinity of abrupt changes

in cross section
 4- 21

Plastic Deformations
For any member subjected to pure bending
y
x m strain varies linearly across the section
c
If the member is made of a linearly elastic material,
the neutral axis passes through the section centroid
My
and x
I

For a material with a nonlinear stress-strain curve,

the neutral axis location is found by satisfying
Fx x dA 0 M y x dA

For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of

symmetry and a material with the same tensile and
compressive stress-strain relationship, the neutral
axis is located at the section centroid and the stress-
strain relationship may be used to map the strain
distribution from the stress distribution.
 4- 22

Plastic Deformations
When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.

The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found

from an experimentally determined value of MU
and a fictitious linear stress distribution.
MU c
RB
I

RB may be used to determine MU of any

member made of the same material and with the
same cross sectional shape but different
dimensions.
 4- 23

Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

Rectangular beam made of an elastoplastic material
Mc
x Y m
I
I
m Y M Y Y maximum elastic moment
c
If the moment is increased beyond the maximum
elastic moment, plastic zones develop around an
elastic core.
2
3 M 1 1 yY

M yY elastic core half - thickness
2 Y
c
3 2

In the limit as the moment is increased further, the

elastic core thickness goes to zero, corresponding to a
fully plastic deformation.
M p 32 M Y plastic moment
Mp
k shape factor (depends only on cross section shape)
MY
 4- 24

Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single

Plane of Symmetry
Fully plastic deformation of a beam with only a
vertical plane of symmetry.

The neutral axis cannot be assumed to pass

through the section centroid.

Resultants R1 and R2 of the elementary

compressive and tensile forces form a couple.
R1 R2
A1 Y A2 Y
The neutral axis divides the section into equal
areas.

The plastic moment for the member,

M p 12 A Y d
 4- 25

Residual Stresses
Plastic zones develop in a member made of an
elastoplastic material if the bending moment is
large enough.

Since the linear relation between normal stress

and strain applies at all points during the
unloading phase, it may be handled by assuming
the member to be fully elastic.

Residual stresses are obtained by applying the

principle of superposition to combine the stresses
due to loading with a moment M (elastoplastic
deformation) and unloading with a moment -M
(elastic deformation).

The final value of stress at a point will not, in

general, be zero.
 4- 26

Example
A member of uniform rectangular cross section is
subjected to a bending moment M = 36.8 kN-m.
The member is made of an elastoplastic material
with a yield strength of 240 MPa and a modulus
of elasticity of 200 GPa.
Determine (a) the thickness of the elastic core, (b)
the radius of curvature of the neutral surface.
After the loading has been reduced back to zero,
determine (c) the distribution of residual stresses,
(d) radius of curvature.
 4- 27

Example
Thickness of elastic core:
2
3 M 1 1 yY

M
2 Y 3 2
c

2
3 28.8 kN m 1 1 yY
36.8 kN m
2 3 2 c

yY yY
0.666 2 yY 80 mm
c 60 mm

Radius of curvature:
Maximum elastic moment: Y 240 10 6 Pa
Y
I 2 2
c
3 bc 2
3
50 10 m60 10 m
3 3 2 E
1.2 10 3
200 109 Pa

120 10 6 m3 y
Y Y
I

M Y Y 120 10 6 m3 240 MPa
c

yY 40 10 3 m
33.3 m
28.8 kN m Y 1.2 10 3
 4- 28

Example

M = 36.8 kN-m M = -36.8 kN-m M=0

yY 40 mm Mc 36.8 kN m At the edge of the elastic core,

m
Y 240 MPa I 120 106 m3 x 35.5 10 6 Pa
306.7 MPa 2 Y x
E 200 109 Pa
177 .5 10 6
yY 40 10 3 m

x 177 .5 10 6

225 m
 4- 29

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
x x centric x bending
P My

A I

Eccentric loading Validity requires stresses below proportional

FP
limit, deformations have negligible effect on
geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points
M Pd
of load application.
 4- 30

Example
SOLUTION:
Find the equivalent centric load and
bending moment

Superpose the uniform stress due to

the centric load and the linear stress
due to the bending moment.

Evaluate the maximum tensile and

compressive stresses at the inner
and outer edges, respectively, of the
An open-link chain is obtained by superposed stress distribution.
bending low-carbon steel rods into the
shape shown. For 700 N load, determine Find the neutral axis by determining
(a) maximum tensile and compressive the location where the normal stress
stresses, (b) distance between section is zero.
centroid and neutral axis
 4- 31

Normal stress due to a

centric load
A c 2 6 mm
2

113.1 mm 2
P 700 N
0
A 113.110 6 m 2
6.2 MPa

Equivalent centric load Normal stress due to

and bending moment bending moment
P 700 N
I 14 c 4 14 6 mm
4

M Pd 700 N 0.016 m
11.2 Nm 1017.9 mm 4
Mc 11.2 Nm0.006 m
m
I 1017.9 10-12 m 4
66 MPa
 4- 32

Maximum tensile and compressive Neutral axis location

stresses
P My0
t 0 m 0
A I
6.2 66 t 72.2 MPa
1017.9 1012 m 4
c 0 m y0
P I
AM

6.2 10 Pa
6
11.2 Nm
6.2 66 c 59.8 MPa
y0 0.56 mm
 4- 33

Sample Problem
The largest allowable stresses for the cast
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120
MPa in compression. Determine the largest
force P which can be applied to the link.

SOLUTION:
Determine equivalent centric load and
bending moment.

Superpose the stress due to a centric

load and the stress due to bending.

Evaluate the critical loads for the allowable

From Sample Problem 4.2, tensile and compressive stresses.
A 3 10 3 m 2
The largest allowable load is the smallest
Y 0.038 m of the two critical loads.
I 868 10 9 m 4
 4- 34

Determine equivalent centric and bending loads.

d 0.038 0.010 0.028 m
P centric load
M Pd 0.028 P bending moment

Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads

A
P Mc A

P

0.028 P 0.022 377 P
A I 3 10 3 868 10 9
P Mc
B A
P

0.028 P 0.022 1559 P
A I 3 10 3 868 10 9

Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

A 377 P 30 MPa P 79.6 kN
B 1559 P 120 MPa P 77.0 kN

The largest allowable load P 77.0 kN

 4- 35

Unsymmetric Bending
Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.

Members remain symmetric and bend in

the plane of symmetry.

The neutral axis of the cross section

coincides with the axis of the couple.

Will now consider situations in which the

bending couples do not act in a plane of
symmetry.

Cannot assume that the member will bend

in the plane of the couples.

In general, the neutral axis of the section will

not coincide with the axis of the couple.
 4- 36

0 Fx x dA m dA
y
c
or 0 y dA

neutral axis passes through centroid

y
Wish to determine the conditions under M M z m dA
y
c
which the neutral axis of a cross section I
of arbitrary shape coincides with the or M m I I z moment of inertia
c
axis of the couple as shown. defines stress distribution

The resultant force and moment

0 M y z x dA z m dA
from the distribution of y
elementary forces in the section c
must satisfy or 0 yz dA I yz product of inertia

Fx 0 M y M z M applied couple couple vector must be directed along

a principal centroidal axis
 4- 37

Superposition is applied to determine stresses in

the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
M z M cos M y M sin

Superpose the component stress distributions

Mzy Myy
x
Iz Iy

Along the neutral axis,

x 0
Mzy Myy

M cos y M sin y
Iz Iy Iz Iy
y Iz
tan tan
z Iy
 4- 38

Example
SOLUTION:
Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
M z M cos M y M sin

Combine the stresses from the

component stress distributions.
Mz y M yz
x
A 180 Nm couple is applied to a Iz Iy
rectangular wooden beam in a plane
Determine the angle of the neutral
forming an angle of 30 deg. with the
axis.
vertical. Determine (a) the maximum y Iz
stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the tan tan
z Iy
neutral axis forms with the horizontal
plane.
 4- 39

Example
Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
M z 180 Nm cos 30 155.9 Nm
M y 180 Nmsin 30 90 Nm
I z 121 0.04 m 0.09 m 2.43 10-6 m 4
3

I y 121 0.09 m 0.04 m 0.48 10-6 m 4

3

The largest te nsile stress due to M z occurs along AB

M z y 155.9 Nm0.045 m
1 2.89 MPa
Iz 2.43 10 m
-6 4

The largest te nsile stress due to M z occurs along AD

2
M yz

90 Nm0.02 m 3.75 MPa
Iy 0.48 10-6 m 4

The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading

occurs at A.
max 1 2 2.89 3.75 max 6.64 MPa
 4- 40

Example
Determine the angle of the neutral axis.

Iz 2.43 10-6 m 4
tan tan tan 30
Iy 0.48 10-6 m 4
2.9

71o
 4- 41

General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

Consider a straight member subject to equal
and opposite eccentric forces.

The eccentric force is equivalent to the system

of a centric force and two couples.
P centric force
M y Pa M z Pb

By the principle of superposition, the

combined stress distribution is
P Mz y M yz
x
A Iz Iy

If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may

be found from
Mz My P
y z
Iz Iy A