NURSING: DEFINITIONS

NURSING (as an art)

Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It
refers to the dynamic skills and methods in
assisting sick and well individual in their
recovery and in the promotion and maintenance
of health. It involves the creative application of
knowledge in the service of people

NURSING (as a science)

It is the body of abstract knowledge arrived
through scientific research and logical analysis
Is the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting
individual to achieve optimal health. It is the
diagnosis and treatment of human responses to
actual or potential problem.
NURSING: DEFINITIONS

Nursing (as a profession)

Profession- a calling in which its
members profess to have acquired
special knowledge by training or
experience, or both so that they may
guide, advise or save others in that
special field.
NURSING: DEFINITIONS
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Nursing is the act of utilizing the
environment of the patient to assist him
in his recovery.

VIRGINIA HENDERSON
Nursing is the act of assisting the
individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery (or
to a peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the
necessary strength, will, or knowledge,
and to do this in such a way as to help
him gain independence as rapidly as
possible.
NURSING: DEFINITIONS
CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION
(CNA)
Nursing is a dynamic, caring, helping
relationship in which the nurse assist the client
to achieve and obtain optimal health. 1987
THEMES THAT ARE COMMON TO THESE
DEFINITION:
Nursing is caring
Nursing is an art
Nursing is a science
Nursing is client-centered
Nursing is holistic
Nursing is adaptive
Nursing is concerned with health promotion,
health maintenance, and health restoration
Nursing is a helping profession
 NURSING: DEFINITIONS
AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (ANA)
1973
Nursing is direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the
individual, the family, and community during health and illness.
1980
Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to
actual or potential health problems.
1995
ANA acknowledges FOUR ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF
CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE:
Attention to the full range of human experiences and responses to
health and illness without restriction to a problem-focused orientation.
Integration of objective data with knowledge gained from understanding
of the client or groups subjective experience.
Application of scientific knowledge to the processes of diagnosis and
treatment.
Provision of caring relationship that facilitates health and healing.
NURSE: DEFINITION
NURSE
Comes from a Latin word to nourish or
to cherish
One who cares for the sick, the injured,
and the physically, mentally, and
emotionally disabled
One who advise and instruct individuals,
families, groups and communities in the
prevention, treatment of illness and
diseases and in the promotion of health.
An essential member of a health team
who cares for individuals, families and
communities in disease and illness
prevention and in the promotion of
health and healthy environment.
PATIENT: DEFINITION

PATIENT
Comes from a Latin word, to Suffer or to
Bear
An individual who is in the state of
physical, mental, and emotional imbalance
An individual who seeks for nursing
assistance, medical assistance, or for
surgery due to illness or a disease.
Is an individual who is waiting or
undergoing medical or surgical care. One
who is physically or mentally disabled.
PERIODS OF NURSING
HISTORY
Intuitive Period

Apprentice Period

Educative Period

Contemporary Period
INTUITIVE PERIOD

Prehistoric Early Christian Era

More on intuition
NOMADS travel from one place to
another
Survival of the fittest
Best for the most motto
Sickness is due to voodoo
Performed out of feeling of
compassion for others
Performed out of desire to help
Performed out of wish to do good
Nursing is given by the WOMEN
INTUITIVE PERIOD

SHAMAN uses white magic to

counteract the black magic
They are the doctors during those time.
TREPHINING drilling the skull
Used to treat Psychotic patients
Psychotic patients are believed to be
possessed by evil spirits.
Growth of religion most important thing
that happened
Growth of civilization
Law of self preservation inspire man in
search of knowledge
RISE IN CIVILIZATION

From the mode of Nomadic life agrarian

society gradual development of urban
community life
Existence of means of communication
Start of scientific knowledge more
complex life increase in health
problems demand for more nurses
Nursing as a duty of SLAVES and WIVES.
NURSING DID NOT CHANGE but there
was progress in the practice of Medicine.
Care of the sick was still closely allied with
superstitions, religion and magic
RISE IN CIVILIZATION
Near East birth place of 3 religious
ideologist:
Judaism
Christianity
Mohammedism or Islam

- Near East culture was adopted by the

Greeks and Romans combined with the
wonders of the Far East by returning
crusaders and explorers improved and
was carried to Europe during the
Renaissance Period that resulted to
greater knowledge then to the New
World by the Early settlers.
RISE IN CIVILIZATION
New World a tiny area known as birth of
monotheism that lies between Tigris and
Euphrates River in the Nile River arose the
cultures of Babylonia, Egypt and Hebrew.

MONOTHEISM believer of one God

BABYLONIANS
CODE OF HAMMURABI
1st recording on the medical practice
Established the medical fees
Discouraged experimentation
Specific doctor for each disease
Right of patient to choose treatment
between the use of charms, medicine,
or surgical procedure
 EGYPTIANS
ART OF EMBALMING
Mummification
Removing the internal organs of the dead body
Instillation of herbs and salt to the dead
Used to enhance their knowledge of the human
anatomy. Since work was done and performed on the
dead, they learned nothing of Philosophy

THE 250 DISEASES

Documentation about 250 diseases and treatments
HEBREW Teachings of MOSES
Created Leviticus
Father of sanitation
Practice the values of Hospitality to
strangers and the Act of Charity
contained in the book of Genesis
LEVITICUS 3rd book of the Old
Testament
Laws controlling the spread of communicable
diseases
Laws governing cleanliness
Laws on preparation of food
Purification of man and his food
The ritual of CIRCUMCISION on the 8th day
after birth
MOSAIC LAW
Meant to keep Hebrews pure so that they may
enter the sanctuary without affronting God
Meant as a survival for health and hygienic
reason only
 Use of pharmacologic drugs
CHINA
MATERIA MEDICA
Book that indicates the pharmacologic
drug used for treatment
No knowledge on anatomy
Use of wax to preserve the body of
the dead
Method of paper making
FACTOR THAT HAMPERED THE
ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE:
Prohibits dissecting of human body thus
thwarting scientific study
 SUSHURUTO
INDIA 1st recording on the nursing practice
Hampered by Taboos due to social
structures and practices of animal
worship
Medicine men built hospitals
Intuitive form of asepsis
There was proficient practice of
Medicine and Surgery
NURSES QUALIFICATIONS: Lay
Brothers, Priest Nurses, combination
of Pharmacist, Masseurs, PT, cooks
There was also decline in Medical
practice due to fall of Buddhism
state religion of India
GREECE AESCULAPUS
Father of medicine in Greek mythology
HIPPOCRATES
Father of modern medicine
1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused
by evil spirits
1st to apply assessment
Practice medical ethics
CADUCEUS
Insignia of medicine
Composed of staff of travellers intertwined with
2 serpent (the symbol of Aesculapus and his
healing power). At the apex of the staff are two
wings of Hermes (Mercury) for speed.
NURSES function of untrained slaves
ROMANS
Proper turnover for the sick people
If youre strong, youre healthy motto
Transition from Pagan to Christianity
FABIOLA
Was converted to Christian and later
she converted her home to a hospital
and used her wealth for the sick.
1st hospital in the Christian world
APPRENTICE PERIOD
11th century 1836
On-the-job training period
Refers to a beginner (on-the-job
training). It means care performed
by people who are directed by more
experienced nurses
Starts from the founding of Religious
Orders in the 6th century through the
Crusades in the 11th century (1836
when the deaconesses School of
Nursing was established in
Kaiserswerth, Germany by Pastor
THEODORE FLEIDNER)
APPRENTICE PERIOD
There was a struggle for religious, political,
and economic power
Crusades took place in order to gain
religious, political, and economic power or
for adventure
During the Crusade in this period, it
happened as an attempt to recapture the
Holy Land from the Turk who obtained and
gain control of the region as a result of
power struggle. Christians were divided
due to several religious war and Christians
were denied visit to The Holy Sepulcher.
MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS
AND THEIR WORKS
KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF
JERUSALEM (ITALIAN)
Also called as Knights of the
Hospitalers
Established to give care
TEUTONIC KNIGHTS (GERMAN)
Took subsequent wars in the Holy Land
Cared for the injured and established
hospitals in the military camps
KNIGHTS OF ST.LAZARUS
Care for those who suffered Leprosy,
syphilis, and chronic skin diseases
 ALEXIAN BROTHERS
A monasteric order founded in 1348. They established the
Alexian Brothers School of Nursing, the largest School under
religious auspices exclusively in US and it closed down in 1969

ST. VINCENT DE PAUL

He organized the charity group called the La Charite and the
Community of Sisters of Charity composed of women dedicated
in caring for the sick, the poor, orphaned, and the widowed. He
founded the Sisters of Charity School of Nursing in Paris,
France where Florence Nightingale had her 2nd formal education
in Nursing.

LOUISE de GRAS
Was the 1st Superior and co-founder of the Community of Sisters
of Charity
NURSING SAINTS
ST. CLAIRE OF ASSISI
Took vows of poverty, obedience to service and
chastity
Founded the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi
the poor Claire

ST. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY

The patroness of Nursing
A princess
Sees her calling to give care for the sick
Fed thousands of hungry people

St. CATHERINE OF SIENA

Little Saint took care of the sick as early as
7y/o
1st Lady with a Lamp
RISE OF RELIGIOUS
NURSING ORDER
Orders of St. Francis of Assisi
1st order founded by St. Francis
2nd order the poor Claire founded by
St. Claire
3rd the tertiary order
Beguines
Oblates
Benedictines
Ursulites
Augustinians
DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
From 17th century 19th century
Also called the Period of Reformation until the
American Civil War
Hospitals were closed
Nursing were the works of the least desirable
people (criminals, prostitutes, drunkards, slaves,
and opportunists)
Nurses were uneducated, filthy, harsh, ill-fed,
overworked
Mass exodus for nurses
The American Civil War was led by Martin Luther,
the war was a religious upheaval that resulted to
the destruction in the unity of Christians.
The conflict swept everything connected to Roman
Catholicism in schools, orphanages, and hospitals
DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
THEODORE FLIEDNER
(a pastor) reconstituted the Deaconesses and
later be established the School of Nursing at
Kaiserswerth, Germany where Florence
Nightingale had her 1st formal training for 3
months as nurse
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Practiced her profession during the Crimean
War
Lady with a Lamp
From a well-known family
Went to Germany to study
EDUCATIVE Florence Nightingale era
Began in June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale
PERIOD School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in
st
London England, where 1 program for formal
education of Nurses began and contributed growth
of Nursing in the US
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF
NURSING EDUCATION:
Social forces
Trends resulting from war
Emancipation of women
Increased educational opportunities

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Mother of Modern Nursing
Lady with the Lamp
Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
Her SELF-APPOINTED GOAL to change the profile
of Nursing
She compiled notes of her visits to hospitals, her
observations of sanitation practices and entered
Deaconesses School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth,
Germany for 3 months.
EDUCATIVE PERIOD
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Became the Superintendent of the
Establishment for Gentle Women during the
Illness (refers to the ill governess or instructors
of Nursing
She disapproved restriction on admission of
patient and considered this unchristian and
contrary to health care.
Upgraded the practice of Nursing and made
Nursing a honorable profession
Led other nurses in taking care of the wounded
and sick soldiers during the Crimean War
She was designated as Superintendent of the
Female Establishment of English General
Hospital in Turkey during the Crimean War
She reduced the casualties of war by 42%-2%
thru her effort by improving the practice of
sanitation techniques and procedure in the
military barracks
EDUCATIVE PERIOD

THE CONCEPTS OF FLORENCE

NIGHTINGALE ON NURSING SCHOOL:
School of Nursing should be self-supporting not
subject to the whimps of the Hospital.
Have decent living quarters for students and
pay Nurse instructors
Correlate theories to practice
Support Nursing research and promote
continuing education for nurses
Introduce teaching knowledge that disease
could be eliminated by cleanliness and
sanitation and Florence Nightingale likewise did
not believed in the Germ Theory of
Bacteriology.
Opposed central registry of nurses
Wrote Notes on Nursing, What it is and what it
is not.
Wrote notes on hospitals
EDUCATIVE PERIOD
OTHER SCHOOLS OF NURSING
Bellevue Training School for Nurses New
York City
Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in
US exclusively for men. It opened in 1348 and it
closed down in 1969.

LINDA RICHARDS the first graduate

nurse in US. Graduated in September 1,
1873.

2 NURSING ASSOCIATION /
ORGANIZATIONS THAT UPGRADED
NURSING PRACTICE IN US:
American Nurses Association
National League for Nursing Education
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
World War II present
This refers to the period after World
War I and the changes and
development in the trends and
practice of Nursing occurring since
1945 after World War II.
Includes scientific and technological
development, social changes
occurring after the war.
Nursing is offered in College and
Universities
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS:
W.H.O established by U.N to fight diseases by
providing health information, proper nutrition, living
standard, environmental conditions.
The use of Atomic energy for diagnosis and
treatment.
Space Medicine and Aerospace Nursing
Medical equipment and machines for diagnosis and
treatment
Health related laws
Primary Health Care Nurses involvement in CHN
Utilization of computers
Technology advances such as development of
disposable equipment and supplies that relieved the
tedious task of Nurses.
Development of the expanded role of Nurses
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
FACTORS AFFECTING NURSING
TODAY:
Economics

Consumers Demand

Family Structure

Information and Telecommunications

Legislation
HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
Beliefs About Causation of Diseases:
Caused or inflicted by other person (enemy or
witch)
Evil spirits

Beliefs That Evil Spirits Could Be Driven Off By

Person With Powers To Expel Bad Spirits:
Believed in Gods of healing
Word doctors priest physicians
Herbolarios herb doctors
HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
EARLY CARE OF THE SICK
HERBICHEROS herbmen who
practice witchcraft
MANGKUKULAM / MANGANGAWAY
a person suffering from disease without
any identified cause and were believed
bewitched by such
Difficult child birth and some diseases
attributed to (NONO) midwives
Difficult birth, witches were supposed to
be the cause, gunpowder exploded
from a bamboo pole close to the head
of the mother to drive evil spirits
HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
EARLY HOSPITALS:
Hospital Real de Manila 1577
1st hospital established
Gov. Francisco de Sande
To give service to the kings Spaniard
soldiers

San Lazaro Hospital 1578

Fray Juan Clemente
Named after the Knights of St. Lazarus
Hospital for the lepers
HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
EARLY HOSPITALS:
Hospital de Indios 1586
Franciscan Orders
Hospital for the poor Filipino people

Hospital de Aguas Santas 1590

Fray Juan Bautista
Named after its location (near spring)
because people believed that spring has a
healing power.

San Juan de Dios Hospital 1596

For poor people
Located at Roxas Boulevard
HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
PERSONAGES:
Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo
1st wife of Emilio Aguinaldo
Established Philippine Red Cross
February 17, 1899

Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo

2nd wife of Emilio Aguinaldo
1st president of Philippine Red Cross
(Batangas Chapter)

Josephine Bracken
Helped Rizal in treating sick people
HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
PERSONAGES:
Melchora Aquino
Took care of the wounded Katipuneros

Anastacia Giron Tupaz

Founder of Filipino Nurses Association
established on October 15, 1922
1st Filipino chief nurse of PGH
1st Filipino Superintendent of Nurses in the
Philippines

Francisco Delgado
1st president of Filipino Nurses Association
HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
PERSONAGES:
Cesaria Tan
1st Filipino to receive Masteral Degree in Nursing
abroad

Socorro Sirilan
Pioneer in Social Service at San Lazaro Hospital
Also the chief nurse

Rosa Militar
Pioneer in nursing education

Socorro Diaz
1st editor of PNA magazine called, The Message

Conchita Ruiz
Full time editor of the PNA newly named magazine,
The Filipino Nurse
 HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)
EARLY NURSING SCHOOLS
Iloilo Mission Hospital and School of Nursing
Established in 1906 under the supervision of Rose
Nicolet (American)
Nursing course 3yrs.
Produced 1st batch of Nursing graduates in 1909
22 nurses
1st TRAINED NURSES:
Nicasia Cada
Felipa Dela Pena
Dorotea Caldito
April 1944 1st Nursing Board Exam at Iloilo
Mission Hospital
HISTORY OF NURSING
(PHILIPPINE SETTING)

EARLY NURSING SCHOOLS

PGH School of Nursing 1907
St. Paul School of Nursing 1907
St. Lukes School of Nursing 1907
UST 1946
Fatima 1947
 Fields
of
Nursing
Nursing in Primary Care Setting
Nursing in primary care setting
Primary- initial health care for general complaints
Usually the persons 1st contact with the health care
delivery system
Managing current health care needs, and preventing
further problems.
1. Public health nursing
2. Occupational nursing
3. Clinic nursing
4. School nursing
5. Private duty nursing
6. Military nursing
7. Ambulatory care nursing
8. Nursing in correctional facilities
Nursing in Secondary Care Setting
Institutional nursing: Hospital nursing
Director of nursing
Clinical coordinator
Head nurse
Staff nurse
OB-Gyne nursing
Pediatric nursing
Orthopedic nursing
OR nursing
Med-surgical nursing
Psychiatric nursing
ER nursing
Critical care nursing
Flight nurse
Infection-surveillance nurse
Nursing in Tertiary Care Setting

1. Skilled care setting

2. Rehabilitation setting
3. Advanced practice nursing
(APN)
Clinical nurse specialist
Nurse anesthetist
Nurse educator
Nurse administrator
Nurse researcher
Role
A goal directed act or behavior that is
considered acceptable to the culture
of given situation
ROLES OF A NURSE
Caregiver
Communicator
Teacher
Client Advocate
Counselor
Change Agent
Leader
Manager
Case Manager
Research Consumer
Role Model
Administrator
Expanded Career Roles
ROLES OF A NURSE
Caregiver
Primary goal
TYPES OF CARE:
Full Care for completely dependent patient
Partial Care for partially dependent patient
Supportive-Educative care to assist clients in
attaining their highest possible level of health and
wellness; for learnings

Communicator
Integral to all nursing roles
Nurses communicate with the client, support
persons, other health professionals, and people
in the community
Nurses identify client problems and then
communicate these verbally or in writing to
other members of the health team
ROLES OF A NURSE
Teacher
Nurses help clients learn about their health and
the health care procedure they need to perform
to restore or maintain their health.
Nurses assesses the clients learning needs
and readiness to learn, sets specific learning
goals in conjunction with the client, enacts
teaching strategies, and measures learning.
Nurses also teaches unlicensed assistive
personnel to whom they delegate care, and
they share their expertise with other nurses and
health professionals.

Client Advocate
Acts to protect the client
Nurse may represent the clients needs and
wishes to other health professionals, such as
relaying the clients wishes for information to
the physician.
Nurses assist clients in exercising their rights
and help them speak up for themselves
ROLES OF A NURSE
Counselor
Helping a client recognize and cope with
stressful psychologic or social problems, to
develop improved interpersonal relationships,
and to promote personal growth.
Involves providing emotional, intellectual and
psychologic support.
Nurses counsel primarily healthy individuals
with normal adjustment difficulties and focuses
on helping the person develop new attitudes,
feelings, behaviors by encouraging the client to
look at alternative behaviors, recognizing the
choices, and develop sense of control.

Change Agent
Assisting others to make modifications in their
own behavior.
Nurses also often act to make changes in a
system if it is not helping client return to health.
ROLES OF A NURSE

Leader
Influences others to work together to
accomplish a specific goal.
Can be employed at different levels: individual
client, family, groups of clients, colleagues, or
the community

Case Manager
Work with the multidisciplinary health care team
to measure the effectiveness of the case
management plan and to monitor outcomes.
Works with primary or staff nurses to oversee
the care of a specific caseload.
Primary nurse or provides some level of direct
care to the client and family
Helps ensure that care is oriented to the client,
while controlling costs.
ROLES OF A NURSE
Research Consumer
Often use research to improve client care
Have some awareness of the process and
language of research
Be sensitive to issues related to protecting the
rights of human subjects
Participate in the identification of significant
researchable problems
Be a discriminating consumer of research
findings

Role Model
Has good physical appearance
Practices proper hygiene
Practices healthy lifestyle
ROLES OF A NURSE

Administrator
Assumes middle management position
Connects the patient to other services
of the hospital

Expanded Career Roles

Nurse practitioner, clinical nurse
specialist, nurse midwife, nurse
educator, nurse researcher, and nurse
anesthetist
All of which allow greater independence
and autonomy.
CONCEPT OF PROFESSION (Marie
Jahoda)
An organization of an occupational group based on the
application of special knowledge which establishes its
own rules and standards for the protection of the public
and the professionals.

A profession implies that the quality of work done by its

members is of greater importance in its own eyes and
the society than the economic rewards they earn.

Serves all of society and not the specific interests of a

group
CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTRIBUTES OF A
PROFESSIONAL PERSON

Is concerned with quality.-ksa

Is self-directed, responsible and accountable for his
actions.
Is able to make independent and sound judgment
including high moral judgment.
Is dedicated to the improvement of human life
Is committed to the spirit of inquiry.
NURSING AS A
PROFESSION
Primary Characteristics:
Education
Theory
Service
Autonomy
Code of Ethics
Caring
 Professional Nursing
- art and science, dominated by an ideal of
service in which certain principles are
applied in skillful care of the well and ill, and
through relationship with the client,
significant others and other members of the
health team.
Professional Nurse
- A person who has completed a basic
nursing education program and is licensed
in his country or state to practice
professional nursing.
QUALITIES AND ABILITIES OF A
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
Has faith in the fundamental values that
underlie the democratic way of life:
Respect for human dignity
Self sacrifice for the common good.
Strong sense of responsibility for
sharing in the solution of the problems
of the society.
Has a sense of responsibility for
understanding those with whom he works
or associates with through the use of skills:
 Has the basic knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary
to address present day social problems, realistic and
well organized thoughts through the use of critical
thinking
Has skills in using written and spoken language, both to
develop own thoughts and to communicate them to
others.
Appreciates and understands importance of good health
Has emotional balance.
Accepts and tries to understand people of all sorts,
regardless of race, religion and color.
Five fold nursing functions

Promoting Health and Wellness

Preventing Illness

Pain/suffering alleviation

Restoring Health

Creation of a spiritual environment

Five fold nursing functions

PROMOTING HEALTH AND WELLNESS

Wellness state of well-being. Engaging in

attitudes and behavior that enhance the quality
of life and maximize personal potential
For both healthy and ill.
Involve individual and community activities to
enhance healthy lifestyle, such as improving
nutrition and physical fitness, preventing drug
and alcohol misuse, restricting smoking, and
preventing accidents and injury in the home and
workplace.
Five fold nursing functions

PREVENTING ILLNESS

The goal is to maintain optimal health

by preventing diseases
Nursing activities includes
immunizations, prenatal and infant
care, and prevention of sexually
transmitted disease.
Five fold nursing functions

Pain/suffering Alleviation
The goal is to provide relief from pain to
promote comfortable healing process
Five fold nursing functions
RESTORING HEALTH
Focuses on the ill client
Extends from early detection of disease to
helping the client during the recovery period
NURSING ACTIVITIES:
Providing direct care to the ill person:
administering medications, baths, and specific
procedures and treatments
Providing diagnostic and assessment
procedures: measuring BP and examining feces
for occult blood
Consulting with other health care professionals
about clients problems
Teaching clients about recovery activities:
exercise that will accelerate recovery after a
stroke
Rehabilitating clients to their optimal functional
level following physical or mental illness, injury,
or chemical addiction
Five fold nursing functions
Creation of a spiritual environment
Provision of spiritual care
Involves comforting and caring for people of
all ages who are dying
Includes helping clients live as comfortable
as possible until death and helping support
persons cope with death.
Work in homes, hospitals, and extended
care facilities
Hospices are specifically designed for this
purpose.