Principios Basicos Grasas Lubricantes

The Basics of
Lubricants and lubrication

Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Meaning of lubrication
Friction - is created when there is

relative motion between two surfaces
Resistance to motion is defined as
friction
Lubrication is use of a material
between surfaces to reduce friction
Any material used is called a lubricant
Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Methods of lubrication
Two main methods

Hydrodynamic lubrication
Boundary lubrication
Also called complete or full flow
Occurs when two surfaces are
completed separated by a fluid film
Methods of lubrication cont..
Two main methods

Occurs when Hydrodynamic lubrication
fails.
By adsorption or chemical reaction
Types of Lubricant - Physical
Liquid
Solid
Semi solid
Gases

Types of Lubricant - Physical
Liquid
Typical lubricants are liquid/fluids
Mineral oil or synthetic oils
Solid
Graphite, MoS2
Semi solid
Greases
Gases
Atomised 2 stroke oils
Typical lubricants - Application
Engine oils
Gear Oils
Turbine Oils
Hydraulic Oils
Metal working oils
Cutting oils
Forming Oils
Rust preventives
Typical lubricants - Application
Heat Transfer Oils

Heat Treatment Oils
Quenching Oils
Tempering Oils
Refrigeration Oils
Rubber Process Oils
Ink process Oils

Lubricant - Components
Base Oils
Mineral by-products of crude oil refining
process.
Base oils are polymerized or
synthesized further and called synthetic
Additives
Natural
Synthetic

Function of a lubricant
Lubricate - Reduce friction

Cooling - Heat transfer
Cleaning - Detergency
Noise pollution - dampening
Sealing prevent leakage
Protection prevent wear

Lubricate reduce friction
The effects of friction

Metal to metal contact
Leads to wear and tear
Generates heat
Results in Power loss
Lubricant reduces friction by
forming a film
Reduces ill effect of friction
Cooling
When fuel is burnt in an engine

33% is useful power
33% removed by cooling water
33% by lube oil and radiation
Lube oil removes heat from all areas
and brings it to the engine sump.
Improper cooling can lead to over
heating, lead to wear, distortion and
failure.
Cleaning
Cleans carbon and varnish deposits

Flushes the entire system removing
Soot
Deposits
Acids
Wear products
Moisture
Removes external contaminants dust,
moisture (external)
Noise reduction
Reduce noise
By preventing metal to metal contact
Dampens noise
As between camshaft and tappet

Sealing
Oil film
Between piston ring and liner
Helps in creating a gas tight seal

Protection
Protection against acids and

moisture
Very important to increase life of

component and equipment

Properties of lubricants
Kinematic viscosity
Viscosity index
Pour Point
Flash Point
Total Base Number (TBN)

Kinematic viscosity
Measure of internal resistance to flow
Thickness of fluid (in laymen terms)
Decreases with increase in temperature
Important in lubricant selection
Increase in used oil indicates oxidation
Specified at 40C and 100C
Measured in Centi Stokes (CSt)

Kinematic Viscosity -
Recommendations
Low Viscosity oils used

High speeds
Low pressure
Low temperature
High Viscosity oils used
Low speeds
High pressure
High temperature
Viscosity index
Measure of fluids change of viscosity
with temperature.
Empirical number
Higher the VI lower will be the
change of viscosity with temperature
Indicator of temperature range of
operations

Pour Point
Lowest temperature at which the fluid
will flow
Indicates lowest operating
temperature
Measured in C

Flash Point
Lowest temperature at which the vapor
above the liquid will ignite under flame
Indicated safe maximum temperature of
operation.
Indicator of volatility
Test method - COC and PMCC
Measured in C

Total Base Number (TBN)

Measured the acid neutralizing
reserve in oil.
Important for deciding discard of oil
Decreases due to
Oxidation of oil
Water contamination
Fuel contamination
Measured in Mg KOH/gm of oil

Lab Tests - for lubricants
Kinematic viscosity ASTM D 445

Viscosity index ASTM D 2250
Pour Point ASTM D 97
Flash Point ASTM D 92 (COC)
ASTM D 93 (PMCC)
Total Base Number ASTM D 664
(TBN)

What are additives
Lubricant additives
classified on their functional capability
Enhance existing property
Suppress undesirable property
Impart new property

What are additives
What they do in Engine Oils
Protect metal surfaces
- (rings, bearings, gears, etc.)
Extend the range of lubricant
applicability
Extend lubricant life

Surface Protective additives
Anti wear and EP Agent

Corrosion & Rust inhibitor
Detergent
Dispersant
Friction modifier

- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type Anti wear & EP Agent
Purpose Reduce friction & wear.
Prevent scoring & seizure
Typical ZDDP, Organic Phosphates, acid
compounds phosphates, organic sulfur and chlorine
compounds etc.
Function
Chemical reaction with metal surface
and forms a film.
Prevents metal-to-metal contact

Additive type Corrosion and Rust Inhibitor
Purpose Prevent corrosion and rusting of the
metallic parts in contact with lubricant
Typical ZDDP, Metal phenolates, Basic Metal
compounds sulphonates, fatty acid & Amines.
Function
Preferential adsorbtion of polar
constituent on metal surface.
Provide protective film
Neutralize corrosive acids

Additive type Detergents
Purpose Keep surface free of deposits
Typical Metallo organic compounds of Sodium,
compounds Calcium and Magnesium phenolates
Phosphonates and sulphonates
Function Chemical reaction with sludge and
varnish percursors to neutralize them
and keep them soluble

Additive type Dispersant
Purpose Keep insoluble contaminants
dispersed in the lubricant
Typical Alkylsuccinimides, alkylsuccinic esters
compounds and mannich reaction products
Function Contaminants are bonded by polar
attraction to dispersant molecules.
Prevented from agglomerating
Kept in suspension due to solubility of
dispersant

Additive type Friction modifier
Purpose Alters coefficient of friction
Typical Organic fatty acids and amides.
compounds Lard Oil, high molecular weight
organic phosphorus.
Phosphoric acid esters
Function Preferential adsorbtion of surface
active materials

Performance additives
Additive type Pour Point Depressant
Purpose Enable lubricant to flow at lo
temperature
Typical Alkylated naphthalene
compounds Phenolic polymers, Ploymethacrylates
Maleate/fumerate copolymer esters
Function Modify wax crystal formation to reduce
interlocking

Additive type Seal swell Agent
Purpose Swell elastomeric seals, gaskets
Typical Organic phosphates
compounds Aromatic hydro carbons
Function Chemical reaction with with elastomer
to cause slight swell.

Additive type Viscosity modifier
Purpose Reduce the rate of viscosity change
with temperature
Typical Polymers and copolymers of olefins,
compounds methacrylates, dienes
Alkylated styrenes.
Function
Polymers expand with increasing
temperatures
This counteract oil thinning

Additive type Antifoamant
Purpose Prevent lubricant from forming a
persistent foam
Typical Silicone polymers
compounds Organic copolymers
Function Reduce Surface tension to speed
collapse of foam

Additive type Antioxidant
Purpose Retard oxidative decomposition
Typical ZDDP,
compounds Hindered phenols, Aromatic Amines,
sulfurized phenols
Function Decompose peroxides
Terminates free-radical reactions

Additive type Metal deactivator
Purpose Reduce catalytic effect of metals on
oxidation rate
Typical Organic complexes containing
compounds nitrogen or sulfur
Amines, sulphides and Phosphates
Function
Forms inactive film on metal surfaces
by complexing with metallic ions

Lubricant - Nomenclature
and Specifications
Nomenclature
Crankcase oils - SAE numbers
Viscosity classification ISO 3448
Grease NLGI Numbers
Performance
Crankcase oils - Performance levels
Crankcase oils OEM Specifications
US Military US-MIL-2104

2000
1500 ISO VG AGMA SAE SAE
Engine Gear
1500 Oils Oils
1000 8A 10000
5000
1000
800 680 8 140
3000
5000
600 460 7 3000

Viscosity Grade Classification 500 2000
Systems 400
320
2000
6 90
ISO Industrial Oils 300 50
220 5
cSt @ 40C 200 1000
40 1000
150 4
AGMA Industrial Gear Oils 150
3 30
85W
100 500500
cSt @ 40C 80W
100 400400
SAE Engine Oils 80 2
20
68 300
300
cSt @100C, cP @150C 60 46 1 75W 200
50 200
cP @ -10C to -40C 40
32 15W
SAE Gear Oils 30 10W

100
22 85W&0W
cSt @100C 100
20 15 60
cP @ -12C to -55C 15
10 60
10
cSt @ 40C
SUS @ 100F
Lubricant - Specifications
Crankcase oils - SAE numbers

Crankcase oils - Performance levels
Crankcase oils OEM Specifications
Viscosity classification
Grease specification

Major specifying
organizations
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
(USA)
API - American Petroleum Institute
US Military Specs US - MIL 2104 -
CCMC European Specification
ISO International Standard Organization
ISO 3348
NLGI National Lubricating Grease Institute

SAE viscosity grades for
engine oils
Designated
With corresponding viscosity
For high temperature application
Warmer areas/regions
SAE 20
SAE 30
SAE 40
SAE 10
SAE 50
SAE 60
engine oils
Designated
With corresponding viscosity
For low temperature application
Colder areas/regions
SAE 0 W
SAE 5 W
SAE 10 W
SAE 15 W
SAE 20 W
SAE 25 W
Mono grades - Engine Oils
Mono grades are designated

with single SAE number
SAE 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
SAE 5W,10W, 15W,20W,25W
Can be used either in summer season
or in winter seasons.
Gradual shift to multi grades.
Shift also due to lower oil
consumption by multi grades
Available as Engine oil and Gear Oils
Multi grades - Engine Oils
Multi grades are designated

with two SAE number
Widely in use today
SAE 10w/30, 15w/30, 25w/50
SAE 5W/30, 20W/40
Suitable for use in winter and summer
months or seasons
Available in Engine oils & Gear oil

SAE Crankcase Oil - Viscosity
classification Winter Service
Low temp viscosities High temp viscosities
Engine cranking Max. Temp for Vis. at 100C, High shear
SAE Max. cPs at Temp pumping viscosity cSt (cP) 150C
Viscosity of 60,000 cP(C)
Grade
(C) Min Max & 106 S-
Min
Winter Service
0W 6200@ -35 -40 3.8 - --
5W 6200@ -30 -35 3.8 -

10W 7000@ -25 -30 4.1 -
15W 7000@ -20 -25 5.6 -
20W 9500@ -15 -20 5.6 -
25W 13000@ -10 -15 9.3
SAE Crankcase Oil - Viscosity
classification Summer Service
Low temp viscosities High temp viscosities
Engine Max. Temp for Vis. at 100C, cSt High shear
SAE cranking Max. pumping (cP) 150C &
Viscosity cPs at Temp viscosity of Min Max 106 S- Min
Grade 60,000 cP(C)
(C)
Summer Service
20 -- - 5.6 <9.3 2.6
30 -- - 9.3 <12.5 2.9
40 -- - 12.5 <16.3 3.5
40 -- - 12.5 <16.3 3.7
50 -- - 16.3 <21.9 3.7
60 -- - 21.9 <26.1 3.7
API Automotive Gasoline Engine
Service Categories SA, SB,
Category Related Ind Engine Test Requirements
Definitions
SA Straight Min None
SB Inhibited only CRC L-4 Sequence IIA Sequence IIIA
SC 1964 Models CRC L-38 Sequence IIA Sequence IIIA

Sequence IV Sequence V Fuel -1% S
SD 1968 Models CRC L-38 Sequence IIB Sequence IIIB
Sequence IV Sequence VB Falcon Rust
Caterpillar L-1 Caterpillar IH
SE 1972 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IIB Sequence IIIC

Sequence IIID Sequence VC Sequence VD
SF 1980 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IID Sequence IIID
Sequence IIIE Sequence VD

API Automotive Gasoline Engine
Service Categories SA, SB,
Definitions
SG 1989 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IID Sequence IIIE
Sequence VE Caterpillar IH2
SH 1994 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IID Sequence IIIE

Sequence VE
Category SA, SB, SC, SD, SE,SF,SG,SH have been declared as obsolete.
SJ 1997 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IID Sequence IIIE

Sequence VE
SL 2001 Models Sequence IIIF Sequence IVA Sequence VG

Sequence VIII
SM 2004 Models Sequence IIIG Sequence IVA Sequence VG

Sequence VIII
Category SJ, SL, SM, are currently valid.

API Automotive Diesel Engine
Service Categories CA, CB,
Category Related Engine Test Requirements
US Mil spec
CA MIL-L-2104A CRC L-38 Caterpillar L-1 Fuel 0.4% S
CB MIL-L-2104A CRC L-38 Caterpillar L-1 Fuel 0.4% S

Supplement 1
CC MIL-L-2104B CRC L-38 Sequence IID Caterpillar IH2
MIL-L-46152B
CD MIL-L-2104C/D/E, CRC L-38 Caterpillar I G2
MIL-L-45199B,
Series 3
CD-II MIL-L-2104D/E CRC L-38 Caterpillar 1 G2 Detroit Diesel
2 stroke Hvy Dty 6V53T
CE None CRC L-38 Caterpillar 1 G2 Cummins NTC 400
Mack T-6 Mack T-7
CF None CRC L-38 Caterpillar 1M-PC

API Automotive Diesel Engine
Service Categories CA, CB,
Spec
CF-2 None CRC L-38 Detroit Diesel 6V92TA Caterpillar 1M-PC
CF-4 None CRC L-38 Cummins NTC-400 Caterpillar 1K

Mack T-7
CG-4 None CRC L-38 Sequence IIIE Caterpillar 1N
Mack T-8 RFWT
CH-4 None Mack T8E Sequence IIIE Caterpillar 1P, 1K
RFWT Mach T-9 Cummins M 11
CI-4 None RFWT Cummins M11 EGR Caterpillar 1R, 1K
EOAT Mack T-8E, T-10 Sequence IIIF
CI-4Plus None RFWT Cummins M11 EGR Caterpillar 1R, 1K
EOAT Mack T-8E, T-10,T-11 Sequence IIIF
CA to CE obsolete; CF onwards are currently valid

ISO 3448 Kin Vis - CSt 40C
vs SUS 100F (40C)
Midpoint Minimum Maximum SUS 100F
VG 2 2.2 1.98 2.42

VG 3 3.2 2.88 3.52
VG 5 4.6 4.14 5.06
VG 7 6.8 6.12 7.48
VG 10 10 9 11 60
VG 15 15 13.5 16.5 75
VG 22 22 19.8 24.2 105
VG 32 32 28.8 35.2 150
VG 46 46 41.4 50.6 215
ISO 3448 Kin Vis - CSt 40C
versus SUS 100F (40C)
Midpoint Minimum Maximum SUS 100F
VG 68 68 61.2 74.8 315

VG 100 100 90 110 465
VG 150 150 135 165 700
VG 220 220 198 242 1000
VG 320 320 288 352 1500
VG 460 460 414 506 2150
VG 680 680 612 748 3150
VG 1000 1000 900 1100 4650
VG 1500 1500 1350 1650 7000
National Lubricating Grease
Institute - NLGI Numbers
NLGI Grade Number ASTM worked penetration 77F
(25C)
000 445 - 475
00 400 - 430
0 355 - 385
1 310 - 340
2 265 - 295
3 220 - 250
4 175 - 205
5 130 - 160
6 85 - 115
Thank you

Principios Basicos Grasas Lubricantes

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Principios Basicos Grasas Lubricantes

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

The Basics of

Lubricants and lubrication

Friction - is created when there is

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Two main methods

Two main methods

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Heat Transfer Oils

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Lubricate - Reduce friction

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

The effects of friction

When fuel is burnt in an engine

Cleans carbon and varnish deposits

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Protection against acids and

Very important to increase life of

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Low Viscosity oils used

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Total Base Number (TBN)

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Kinematic viscosity ASTM D 445

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Anti wear and EP Agent

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

600 460 7 3000

SAE Gear Oils 30 10W

Crankcase oils - SAE numbers

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

Mono grades are designated

Multi grades are designated

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

5W 6200@ -30 -35 3.8 -

SB Inhibited only CRC L-4 Sequence IIA Sequence IIIA

SC 1964 Models CRC L-38 Sequence IIA Sequence IIIA

SE 1972 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IIB Sequence IIIC

Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com

SH 1994 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IID Sequence IIIE

SJ 1997 Models CRC-L-38 Sequence IID Sequence IIIE

SL 2001 Models Sequence IIIF Sequence IVA Sequence VG

SM 2004 Models Sequence IIIG Sequence IVA Sequence VG

Category SJ, SL, SM, are currently valid.