DC Machines

Construction of DC Machines

Commutator
 Construction of DC Machines

Field Winding
DC Generator- Direction of Power Flow and Losses
DC Motor- Direction of Power Flow and Losses
 DC Machines Parameters
Symbols that will be used.

= flux per pole

p = no. of poles
z = total number of active conductors on the armature
a = no. of parallel paths in the armature winding
n = speed of rotation of the armature in rpm
wm = speed in radians per second
 DC Machines Construction
The stator of the dc motor has poles, which
are excited by dc current to produce
magnetic fields.
In the neutral zone, in the middle between
the poles, commutating poles are placed to
reduce sparking of the commutator. The
commutating poles are supplied by dc
current.
Compensating windings are mounted on
the main poles. These short-circuited
windings damp rotor oscillations. .
The poles are mounted on an iron core that
provides a closed magnetic circuit.
 Construction of DC Machines
The motor housing supports the iron core, the brushes and
the bearings.
The rotor has a ring-shaped laminated iron core with slots.
Coils with several turns are placed in the slots. The
distance between the two legs of the coil is about 180 electric
degrees.
The coils are connected in series through the commutator
segments.
The ends of each coil are connected to a commutator
segment.
 Construction of DC Machines
The rotor has a ring-shaped
laminated iron core with slots.
The commutator consists of
insulated copper segments
mounted on an insulated tube.
Two brushes are pressed to the
commutator to permit current
flow.
The brushes are placed in the
neutral zone, where the magnetic
field is close to zero, to reduce
arcing.
 Construction of DC Machines
The commutator switches the current from one rotor coil to
the adjacent coil,
The switching requires the interruption of the coil current.
The sudden interruption of an inductive current generates
high voltages .
The high voltage produces flashover and arcing between the
commutator segment and the brush.
 DC Machine
Rotation
Ir_dc/2 Ir_dc Ir_dc/2
Brush Pole
winding
Shaft

|
1
2
8

3
N 7
S
6 4
5

Insulation Copper
Rotor Ir_dc segment
Winding

Figure: Commutator with the rotor coils

connections.
 DC Machine

-
Details of the commutator of a dc motor.
 DC machine

Rotor of a dc motor
 Armature Reaction
If a load is connected to the terminals of the dc machine, a current
will flow in its armature windings. This current flow will produce
a magnetic field of its own, which will distort the original
magnetic field from the machines field poles. This distortion of
the magnetic flux in a machine as the load is increased is called
the armature reaction.
 Types of DC Machines
Both the armature and field circuits carry direct current in the case of a
DC machine.

Types:
Self-excited DC machine: when a machine supplies its own excitation
of the field windings. In this machine, residual magnetism must be
present in the ferromagnetic circuit of the machine in order to start the
self-excitation process.
Separately-excited DC machine: The field windings may be separately
excited from an eternal DC source.
Shunt Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in parallel.
Shunt generator can be separately-excited or self-excited.
Series Machine: armature and field circuits are connected in series.
 IL
+ +
If IL
+ Ra
Ra
DC Supply Rf Rf Vt
+ Vt
- Ea Ea Ia
- -

Separately-Excited Self-Excited
 OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS

Rext is set to its maximum value. The D.C. Generator is driven at

rated its speed. Rext is decrease to a lower value so that the
machine self-excites ( i.e.. Develop an e.m.f).

A
Field Current
Ra

Rext A
Z V
970 ohms VT
Rf Ea
ZZ AA

Diagram showing the D.C. Generator as a self-excited shunt machine

 EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTIC OF SHUNT GENERATOR

This is a graph relating terminal voltage and the load current of a

D.C. Generator when driven at its rated speed with the field current
maintained at its normal no-load value.

Load Current
A A
Field Current
Ra
L
Rext
970 ohms
Z A
V O
Rf Ea Terminal A
Voltage
D
ZZ AA

Diagram showing connections for load test.

 Summary
E a = V - I a R a Note: For motor

Ea = F n z p
60 a
60 a

V - I R
Speed n =
a a

zF p
E
na a
F
Losses = I2 R a -- Windings(Armature)
a
= I2 R -- Windings(Field )
f f
and Rotational Losses (Windage and Friction)