5 m
magnitude
physical quantity
Mass of gold bar is 1 kg
Examples:
Position Acceleration
Displacement Momentum
Velocity Force
Representation of a vector
Symbolically it is represented as AB
Representation of a vector
A B P
Representation of a vector
r v F
P
A
B Q
Equal Vectors
Two parallel vectors are said to be equal vectors,
if they have same magnitude.
P
A
B
Q
A =B P =Q
Anti-parallel Vectors
P
A
B Q
Negative Vectors
P
A
B
Q
A = B P = Q
Collinear Vectors
Two vectors are said to be collinear vectors,
if they act along a same line.
B
Q
A P
Co-initial Vectors
Two or more vectors are said to be co-initial
vectors, if they have common initial point.
A B
C
D
Co-terminus Vectors
Two or more vectors are said to be co-terminus
vectors, if they have common terminal point.
B
A
C
D
Coplanar Vectors
Three or more vectors are said to be coplanar
vectors, if they lie in the same plane.
C
A
B D
Non-coplanar Vectors
Three or more vectors are said to be non-coplanar
vectors, if they are distributed in space.
A B
C
Types
of Vectors
(on the basis of effect)
Polar Vectors
Displacement Acceleration
Velocity Force
Axial Vectors
B
A
B
A
C=A+B
Parallelogram Law
B A
A B
A B
A B C=A+B
Polygon Law
A B
A
D C
E
B
D
C
E=A+B+C
+D
Commutative Property
A
C
B B
C
A
C=A+B=B+A
D D
B B
A A
D = (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A - B = A + (B)
Vector
Addition
(Analytical Method)
Magnitude of Resultant
B C OC2 = OA2 + 2OA AM + AC2
Q R In CAM,
AM
cos = AM = AC cos
O A M AC
P
In OCM, OC2 = OA2 + 2OA AC cos
+ AC2
OC2 = OM2 + CM2
R2 = P2 + 2P Q cos + Q2
OC2 = (OA + AM)2 + CM2
OC2 = OA2 + 2OA AM + AM2 R= P2 +
+ CM2 2PQ cos + Q2
Direction of Resultant
B C In OCM,
Q R CM
tan =
OM
O CM
P A M tan =
OA+AM
In CAM, AC sin
tan =
CM OA+AC cos
sin = CM = AC sin
AC
Q sin
AM tan =
cos = AM = AC cos P + Q cos
AC
Case I Vectors are parallel ( = )
P + Q = R
Magnitude: Direction:
R= P2 + 2PQ cos 0 + Q2 Q sin 0
tan =
P + Q cos 0
R= P2 + 2PQ + Q2
0
tan = =
R= (P + Q)2 0
P+Q
R=P+ Q = 0
Case II Vectors are perpendicular ( = )
R
P + Q = Q
P
Magnitude: Direction:
R = P2 + 2PQ cos 90 + Q2 R Q sin 90 Q
tan = =
P + Q cos 90 P+0
= P2 + 0 + Q2
Q
= tan1
R = P2 + Q2 P
Case III Vectors are anti-parallel ( = )
P Q = R
Magnitude: Direction:
R= P2 + 2PQ cos 180 + Q2 Q sin 180
tan = =0
P + Q cos 180
R= P2 2PQ + Q2
R= (P Q)2 If P > Q: = 0
A=A
A = magnitude of A
= unit vector along A
Cartesian unit vectors
-
-
-
Resolution of a Vector
It is the process of splitting a vector into two or more vectors
in such a way that their combined effect is same as that of
the given vector.
A
A
A
Rectangular Components of 2D Vectors
A
A
A A
A
O
A A = A + A
Rectangular Components of 2D Vectors
A
sin = A = A sin
A
A
A
A
cos = A = A cos
A A
Magnitude & direction from components
Magnitude:
A = A + A
A = A2 + A2
A
A Direction:
A
= tan1
A A
Rectangular Components of 3D Vectors
A = A + A
A
A
A = A + A + A
A A = A + A + A
A
A A = A + A + A
A
A cos =
A
A
A = A cos
Rectangular Components of 3D Vectors
A
cos =
A
A A
A = A cos
Rectangular Components of 3D Vectors
A
cos =
A
A
A
A = A cos
Magnitude & direction from components
A = A + A + A Magnitude:
A A= A2 + A2 + A2
A Direction:
A A
= cos1 = cos1
A A
A
A
A = cos1
A
Adding vectors by components
Let us have R = (A + B) + (A + B)
+ (A + B)
A = A + A + A
R + R + R = (A+B)
B = B + B + B
+ (A+B) + (A+B)
then
R=A+B R = (A + B) R =
R = A + A + (A + B) R = (A +
A B)
+ B + B +
B
Multiplying
vectors
Multiplying a vector by a scalar
If s is negative:
A
3A
Multiplying a vector by a vector
A B = AB cos
Examples of scalar product
W=Fs P=Fv
W = Fs cos P = Fv cos
W = work done
F = force P = power F =
s = displacement force
v = velocity
Geometrical meaning of Scalar dot product
A
B
A cos
B
Properties of Scalar product
1
The scalar product is commutative.
A B = AB cos B A = BA cos A B
=BA
Properties of Scalar product
2
The scalar product is distributive over
addition.
A B+C =AB+A
C
Properties of Scalar product
3
The scalar product of two perpendicular
vectors is zero.
A B = AB cos 90 A B = 0
Properties of Scalar product
4
The scalar product of two parallel vectors
is maximum positive.
A B = AB cos 0 A B = AB
Properties of Scalar product
5
The scalar product of two anti-parallel
vectors is maximum negative.
A B = AB cos 180 A B = AB
Properties of Scalar product
6
The scalar product of a vector with itself
is equal to the square of its magnitude.
A A = AA cos 0 A A = A 2
Properties of Scalar product
7
The scalar product of two same unit vectors is
one and two different unit vectors is zero.
= = = (1)(1) cos 0 = 1
= = = (1)(1) cos 90 = 0
Calculating scalar product using components
Let us have = AB + AB + AB
A = A + A + A B + AB + AB + AB
= B + B + B + AB + AB + AB
then
= AB(1) + AB (0) + AB(0)
A B = A + A + A
(B + B + B ) + A B (0) + A B (1) + A B (0)
+ AB(0) + AB(0) + AB(1)
A B = A B + B + B
+ A B + B + B
A B = AB + AB + AB
+ A B + B + B
Vector product
A B = AB sin = C
Right hand rule
A
B
Examples of vector product
=rF L=rp
= rF sin L = rp sin
= torque r = L = angular
position F = momentum r =
force position
Geometrical meaning of Vector product
A sin
B B
AB = Area of
parallelogram made by two vectors
Properties of Vector product
1
The vector product is anti-commutative.
A B = AB sin
B A = BA sin ( ) = AB sin A B
BA
Properties of Vector product
2
The vector product is distributive over
addition.
A B+C =AB+AC
Properties of Vector product
3
The magnitude of the vector product of two
perpendicular vectors is maximum.
A B = AB sin 90 A B = AB
Properties of Vector product
4
The vector product of two parallel vectors
is a null vector.
A B = AB sin 0 A B = 0
Properties of Vector product
5
The vector product of two anti-parallel
vectors is a null vector.
A B = AB sin 180 A B = 0
Properties of Vector product
6
The vector product of a vector with itself
is a null vector.
A A = AA sin 0 A A = 0
Properties of Vector product
7
The vector product of two same unit
vectors is a null vector.
==
= (1)(1) sin 0 = 0
Properties of Vector product
8
The vector product of two different unit
vectors is a third unit vector.
= =
= =
= =
Aid to memory
Calculating vector product using components
Let us have = AB + AB + AB
A = A + A + A B = + AB + AB + AB
B + B + B + AB + AB + AB
then
= AB(0) + AB( ) + AB( )
A B = A + A + A
+ A B ( )+
A B (0)
B + B + B
+ A B ()
+ AB( ) + AB()
A B = A B + B + B +
+ A B + B + B = AB AB + AB AB
+ A B + B + B A B ( ) + A B ( ) A B ((0)
)
Calculating vector product using components
A B = AB AB AB AB
+ (AB AB)
AB= A A A
B B B
Thank
you