EE 123

Elementary Electrical
Engineering and Instruments
Introduction
Electricity
One type of energy
Is the flow of electric charge
Can occur:
Naturally:
Lightning
Produced:
In generators
 Electrical terms and DC
Circuits
Electrical Current
The continuous flow of free electrons constitutes
an electric current. Unit of current is Ampere (A)
Voltage
The electrical pressure which is used to move
electrons. Unit of voltage is Volt (V)
Resistance
Property of a conductor which opposes the
flow of current. Unit of resistance is Ohm ()
 Electrical terms and DC
Circuits
Electric Power
Product of voltage and current. Unit of power is
watts.
Voltage
The electrical pressure which is used to move
electrons. Unit of voltage is Volt (V)
Resistance
Property of a conductor which opposes the
flow of current. Unit of resistance is Ohm ()
 Basic Laws
Law of Resistance

The resistance of a conductor in a circuit

depends upon the following:
The material
Directly proportional to the length of the
conductor
Inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area
of the conductor
Depends on the temperature of the conductor
 Basic Laws
Law of Resistance

R = L/A
Where:
= specific resistance (resistivity) (-m)
L = length of the conductor (m)
A = cross-sectional area (m2)
Resistivity
@ T = 20C
 Basic Laws
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
 Basic Laws
Ohms Law (Georg Ohm)

At constant temperature, the voltage between

to points is directly proportional to the current.

V I
V = kI
V = RI
 Basic Laws
Kirchoffs Current and Voltage Laws (KCL and
KVL)
Kirchoffs Current Law: states that the total
current entering a junction or node is equal to
the total current leaving the junction.

Kirchoffs Voltage Law: states that the algebraic

sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero. This is
based on the law of conservation of energy.
 Basic Laws
Passive sign convention (PSC)

Is a sign convention, universally adopted in

electrical engineering, for defining the sign of
electric power in an electric circuit.
 Basic Laws
Passive sign convention (PSC)
To comply with this convention, the current
direction must enter the positive voltage
terminal of a passive component.
 Network
Branch
Represents a single element such as a voltage
source or a resistor
Node
Is the point of connection of two or more
branches
Loop
Is any closed path in a circuit
 Network
Voltage Divider
Is a circuit that produces an output voltage
that is a fraction of its input voltage.

Current Divider
Is a circuit that produces an output current that
is a fraction of the input current.
 Next meeting
Circuits with independent and dependent
sources
Mesh