Gastrointestinal function

Motility, digestion

Suyasning HI
Department of Physiology &
Biochemistry
School of medicine
Warmadewa University

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 Learning objectives

Swallowing
Gastrointestinal motility
Digestion and secretion
Absorption
Liver function
Motility

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 Regulation of stomach emptying

CNS

Sympaticus Parasympaticus

ENS + -
(enterogastric gastric emptying
reflex)
CCK
Secretin ? Gastrin
GIP

Duodenal chemoreceptors

pH Fats Hyper- Amino-

(<3.5) tonicity acids

Polymers breakdown in
duodenum
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 Hiccup
During expiration , diaphragma relax
forcing the air out of the lung.
The diaphragma goes into involuntary
spasm causing abnormal respiration
movement
The lead sudden inspiration of the air and
glottis block further air into wind pipe.
The inhaled air strikes the glottis to
produce the distinguishing sound hic

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 Belching
Gas from the stomach &
oesophagus through mouth forever
it is known that distension of the
oesophagus iritation the
oesophagial belching
Swallowing when eating or drinking
and subsequents expelling it, so in
this case the expelled gas is CO2
from drink itself.
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 Digestion
Processing of food
Types
Mechanical (physical)
Chew
Tear
Grind
Mash
Mix
Chemical
Catabolic reactions
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
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 Digestion
Phases
Ingestion
Movement
Digestion
Absorption
Further digestion

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Digestive System Organization

Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract

(Alimentary canal)
Tube within a tube
Direct link/path between organs
Structures
Mouth
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
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 Digestive System
Organization
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus
Accessory
structures
Not in tube path
Organs
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas

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Peristalsis and Segmentation

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 Stomach
Usually J shaped
Left side, anterior to the spleen
Mucous membrane
G cells make gastrin
Goblet cells make mucous
Gastric pit Oxyntic gland Parietal
cells Make HCl
Chief cells Zymogenic cells
Pepsin
Gastric lipase

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Anatomy of the Stomach

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 Stomach
3 muscle layers
Oblique
Circular
Longitudinal
Regions
Cardiac sphincter
Fundus
Antrum (pylorus)
Pyloric sphincter
Vascular
Inner surface
thrown into folds
Rugae
Contains enzymes that
work best at pH 1-2
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 Stomach
Functions
Mix food Absorbs
Reservoir Alcohol
Start digestion of Water
Protein
Lipophilic acid
Nucleic acids
Fats B 12
Activates some
enzymes
Destroy some
bacteria
Makes intrinsic
factor B 12
absorption
Destroys some
bacteria
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 Small Intestine
Extends from
pyloric sphincter
ileocecal valve
Regions
Duodenum
Jejenum
Ileum
Movements
Segmentation
Peristalsis

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 Small Intestine
Histology
Intestinal glands Intestinal enzymes
Duodenal glands Alkaline mucous
Paneth cells Lysozyme
Microvilli
Lacteals
Plica circularis
Smooth muscle
Lymphatic tissue GALT
Vascular

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 Small Intestine

Absorbs Lipids
80% ingested water Monoglycerides
Electrolytes Fatty acids
Vitamins
Micelles
Minerals
Chylomicrons
Carbonates
Active/facilitated
transport
Monosaccharides
Proteins
Di-/tripeptides
Amino acids

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Structure of the Villi in the Small
Intestine

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 Small Intestine
Secretes
digestive
enzymes
Peptidases
Amino-
Di-
Tri-
Sucrases
Maltase
Lactase
Saccharidases
Di-
Tri-
Lipase
Nucleases

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 Small Intestine
Control
Requires
pancreatic
enzymes & bile
to complete
digestion

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 Large Intestine
Extends from ileocecal valve to
anus
Regions
Caecum Appendix
Colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Rectum
Anal canal

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Anatomy of the Large Intestine

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 Large Intestine
Histology
No villi
No permanent circular folds
Smooth muscle
Taeniae coli
Haustra
Epiploic appendages
Otherwise like rest of Gl tract

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 Large Intestine
Functions
Mechanical
digestion Absorbs
Haustral churning More water
Peristalsis Vitamins
Reflexes B
Gastroileal K
Gastrocolic
Chemical digestion Concentrate/elimi
Bacterial nate wastes
digestion
Ferment
carbohydrates
Protein/amino acid
breakdown 36
 Feces Formation and
Defecation
Chyme dehydrated Control
to form feces
Parasympathetic
Feces composition
Water Voluntary
Inorganic salts
Epithelial cells
Bacteria
Byproducts of
digestion
Defecation
Peristalsis pushes
feces into rectum
Rectal walls
stretch
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THANK
YOU

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