RADIATION PATTERN CONTROL OF

MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS AND COMPACT

PATCH ANTENNAS

Presented by

SHAIK JAINUDDIN
168W1D8008
I/II M.Tech(CESP)
VRSEC
CONTENTS
1. RADIATION PATTERN CONTROL OF MICROSTRIP
ANTENNAS

2. COMPACT PATCH ANTENNAS

2.1. COMPACT LINEARLY POLARIZED ANTENNAS
2.2. COMPACT CIRCULARLY POLARIZED ANTENNAS
1. RADIATION PATTERN CONTROL OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS :

A Microstrip antenna produces a symmetrical elevation pattern with beam in

the zenith.
Some applications require an omnidirectional radiation pattern with the
maximum gain in the horizon.
Higher order modes in a circular patch or an annular ring can be used to
obtain maximum gain in the horizon.
Zhou has proposed a pin loaded annular ring compact antenna. The
geometry of this antenna is shown in below figure.

Fig.1(a) : Geometry of a shorting pin loaded annular ring microstrip

antenna[1]
Contd.
The antenna designed on a substrate with r = 2.0 .
The antenna would resonate at 1.8GHz without shorting pins which is 4
times the desired frequency of 450MHz.
Measured radiation patterns at 450MHz are plotted in below figure for a
ground plane diameter 90cm.

Fig.1(b) : Measured radiation patterns of the antenna in part (a) [1]

The maximum gain above the ground plane is 2dBi.
Other possible applications of loaded Microstrip antennas include
- Wide angle Impedance control
- Surface wave effects
2. COMPACT PATCH ANTENNAS

Compact Patch Antennas includes

- Compact Linearly Polarized Antennas
- Compact Circularly Polarized Antennas

2.1. Compact Linearly Polarized Antennas

Reducing the size of the antenna is one of the aims for use in telephone
handsets for mobile communications.

Geometries of some compact microstrip antennas are given in figures

1(a),1(b)
Contd.

C-shaped patch
H-shaped patch with a shorted edge

Rectangular patch Rectangular patch

Rectangular patch
Circular patch

Fig.2(a) : Some of the Compact Linearly Polarized Antennas [1]

Contd.

Circular patch Triangular patch

Triangular patch Annular ring coupled to a disk

90 circular sector
Dual-Patch with a slot in the lower patch

Fig.2(b) : Top View of Some more Compact Linearly Polarized Antennas [1]
Contd.

Triangular patch antenna with a short at the tip provides the most compact
antenna with a relatively better cross-polarization level.

The gain of the antenna can be improved by superstrate loading.

A Chip resistor loaded antenna can yield a compact antenna with good
bandwidth, but at the cost of decreased gain .

The various techniques have been explored to develop a compact antenna

without sacrificing the gain or cross polarization performance which are
given in the table below:
Contd.

TABLE 1 [1]
Contd.

TABLE 1 contd. [1]

Contd.

For the application of mobile communication handsets , cross polarization is

not a major concern because most of these fields will diffract off the edges
of the small ground plane within the handset.

Dual-frequency antennas can also be used as compact antennas for

operation at a single frequency.
2.2. Compact Circularly Polarized Antennas

Circular polarization is a requirement for satellite communications and

compactness is a desirable feature for mobile or airborne applications.

Compact circularly polarized antennas can be realized by starting with the

circularly polarized configurations and loading them with shorts and/or slots

Further compactness can be achieved by using a single feed , thereby

eliminating the need for an external polarizer such as 90 hybrid coupler .
Designs of Single-Feed Circularly Polarized Compact
Microstrip Antennas:
The description of some of these antennas is given by:

1. Loaded Square ring:

The design of a square ring antenna is based on the fact that this
configuration supports two degenerate modes with orthogonal polarizations ,
like a square patch antenna.
The degeneracy of the modes is lifted either by using nearly square ring or
by loading the square ring.
The loaded antenna described employs a narrow slit of size 6.5 X 1 mm in
one of the arms.
For the substrate with r = 4.4 and h=1.6 mm , the inner dimension of the
antenna is 22 mm and the outer dimension is 30 mm.
The center frequency of the antenna is 2180MHz with the 3-dB axial ratio
bandwidth of 21MHz.
2. Slit Loaded Square Patch:
In this antenna the square patch is loaded with two pairs of slits to reduce the
antenna size.
For a square patch antenna with L=30mm, r =4.4 and h=1.6mm the resonant
frequency is 2,318 MHZ.
When this antenna is loaded with a pair of slits of size 10 X 1mm and 9.2 X 1mm,
the frequency of operation decreases to 1849 MHZ, that is, about a 20% reduction in
frequency with a 36% reduction in size.
The 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth is found to be nearly 24 MHZ. Coaxial Probe is used
for excitation.
3. Short Loaded Rectangular Patch:
The antenna was fed by a probe along the diagonal.
The return loss plot shows two resonances near 2.5 GHZ.
This antenna was a part of a self-diplexing stacked patch antenna for satellite mode
handset.
4. Circular Patch Integrated With Hybrid Feed:
Compactness has been achieved by integrating the branch-line coupler feed with the
microstrip disk.
The antenna was designed to operate at 10 GHZ on a substrate with r =2.33 and
h=31 mil.
The Two-port feed network is capable of transmitting and receiving left and right-
hand circularly polarized signals.
The isolation between transmit/receive ports was found to be greater than 20dB over
a 200 MHZ bandwidth .
5. Slit Loaded Circular Disk :
A circular disk is loaded with four slots has been developed by bokhari for circular
polarization.
The parameters used are R=20 mm, r =2.5, tan =0.0018, h=1.52 mm, W=0.7 mm
with slit lengths of dx=12.4mm, dy=6.5 mm.
The measured resonant frequency for the antenna is about 0.8 times the resonant
frequency of unloaded disk.
6. Circular Disk With a Cross-Slot:
A circular disk is loaded with a cross-slot of unequal slot lengths has been reported
by Iwasaki.
The degenerate modes of the circular disk experience unequal loading due to
unequal slot lengths.
The difference in slot lengths can be adjusted obtain a 90 phase difference at the
operating frequency .
The resonant frequency of the patch decreases monotonically with increasing slot
length.
A proximity coupled microstrip feed is used in this antenna.
A circularly polarized antenna operating at 980 MHZ using r =2.6, h1=h2=1.6mm,
Lsa=61 mm and Lsb=60.5 mm. The size of the antenna is reduced by about 36%
compared to the circular disk without cross-slots.
The boresight axial ratio was 0.5 dB.
7. Triangular Patch With Cross-Slot:
An equilateral triangle supports two degenerate orthogonal modes. Circular
polarization from this antenna can be obtained by perturbing one of these modes.
This principle has been extended to the cross-slot loading of a triangular patch to
develop a compact circularly polarized antenna.
The slot lengths lx and ly are adjusted to realize a 90 phase difference.
The antenna is fed by a coaxial probe at a point such that the line joining the feed
point and the centre of the cross-slot are inclined to the y-axis at an angle =tan
The performance of the antenna is summarized in the table. Antenna 3 corresponds
to an antenna size reduction of about 17% compared to the antenna without the
cross-slot.
8. Travelling-Wave Curved Microstrip Antenna:
In this antenna, leaky wave over a half-circle curved microstrip line is employed to
obtain circular polarization.
The antenna displays better than a 6-dB axial ratio between 4.5 and 4.8 GHZ. The
substrate parameters are r =2.2 and h=62 mil.
Designs of Single-Feed Circularly Polarized Compact
Microstrip Antennas:

Loaded square ring Slit loaded Square patch

Circular patch integrated with hybrid

Short loaded rectangular patch feed
Contd.

Short loaded rectangular patch

Contd.
References

[1] Ramesh Garg,Prakash Bhartia, Microstrip Antenna Design

Handbook", Chapter 10, Artech House,2001.
ANY QUESTIONS?
THANK
YOU