Dasar Navigasi Darat

Navigasi Darat
TUJUAN MEMPELAJARI NAVIGASI DARAT

- Mengetahui posisi (Dimanakah saya?)
- Memperkirakan jarak (Sudah seberapa jauhkah saya? Apakah saya sudah sampai?)
- Membaca arah (Kemana saya akan berjalan, apakah arah saya sudah benar?)
- Membaca peta topografi
- Analisa peta dan orientasi medan (Bukit atau sungai apa yang ada dihadapan saya?)
- Deskripsi akan ruang (Dapatkah saya membayangkan medan dalam bentuk 3D?)
- Perencanaan perjalanan yang aman (Mengambil jalur yang jauh tetapi aman atau
jalur potong namun lebih beresiko?)
Cara paling baik untuk mempelajari Navigasi Darat (NAD) adalah pergi ke lapangan
dengan peta dan kompas.
- Navigasi bukanlah mengetahui posisi anda setelah anda tersesat (meskipun hal ini sering
terjadi).
- Tetap berada pada jalur perencaan setelah anda bergerak menjauhi titik awal.
- Teliti akan medan lintasan yang telah, sedang, dan akan dilalui.
- Dengan NAD berarti anda mengetahui titik awal, tujuan perjalanan, dan jalur/rute menuju
titik akhir.
- Keterampilan ini membuat daya jelajah anda semakin jauh dan luas dari yang anda
bayangkan.
- Berlatih NAD adalah dengan berjalan menembus rimba !!!
BAGIAN I
NAVIGASI DARAT DASAR

 Kompas Bidik
- Deskripsi
- Bagian dan fungsi
 Peta Topografi
- Deskripsi
- Baca peta
 Rupa Bumi
- Bentuk medan
- Analisa medan dan
Analisa peta
KOMPAS BIDIK
Kompas bidik yang orisinil berbeda
dengan kompas yang biasa digunakan
oleh para pendaki. Kompas bidik ini dibuat
amat presisi dan tahan banting dengan
tujuan untuk mendukung operasi militer.
Dengan desain khusus dalam keakuratan
sudut untuk bernavigasi darat dan
mengarahkan senjata artileri.
Deskripsi Kompas Bidik
- Ditujukan untuk kegunaan militer karena presisi dan ketahanannya, dan
fungsi keakuratannya dalam navigasi darat dan pertempuran.
- Telah teruji – bantingan, air, pasir, dan dapat digunakan dalam kisaran
suhu -50ºF sampai +150ºF.
- Menggunakan lensa dan kaca anti-gores untuk melihat sudut tembak ke arah
obyek.
- Dengan kompas bidik anda hanya dapat membidik satu buah obyek.
- Cahaya fosfor membantu anda bernavigasi dalam keadaan yang kurang
cahaya.
- Dilengkapi dengan kaca pembesar, kawat bidik, dan gradasi sudut dalam
derajat maupun mils. Untuk pembacaan yang lebih akurat.
- Induksi tembaga yang memperlambat rotasi jarum magnet tanpa harus
menggunakan cairan.
- Design yang amat baik, menjadikan kompas mudah dipergunakan tanpa harus
kehilangan akurasinya.
Kompas Bidik
Bagian dan Kegunaan
Celah
Cincin Bidik
Jarum Magnet Kalibrasi Lensa
Kawat Bidik Bidik
Garis Azimuth
Garis Bantu Bidik
Cicin
Ibu
Jari
Penggaris dengan sudut lurus Angka Azimuth
Pelindung Bagian Inti

SKALA SUDUT KOMPAS BIDIK
Angka Warna Hitam:
Skala Mils- banyak digunakan
untuk keperluan artileri, tank, dan
senjata mortir. DAN ini juga
digunakan untuk mendapatkan
azimuth dalam navigasi darat
yang amat akurat.
• 6400 Mils dalam 1 (satu)
lingkaran
• Jarak antara garis pendek
= 20 Mils
• Jarak antara garis panjang
= 100 Mils
• Jarak antara angka = 200 Mils
U = 64 (6400)
T = 16 (1600)
S = 32 (3200)
B = 48 (4800)
8.89 Mils = ½ Derajat
17.78 Mils = 1 Derajat
SKALA SUDUT KOMPAS BIDIK
Angka Warna Merah:
Unit yang umum untuk
pengukuran susut adalah derajat
(simbol = nº).
• 360 derajat dalam 1 (satu)
lingkaran
• Jarak antara garis pendek = 5º
• Jarak antara garis panjang = 10º
• Jarak antara angka = 20º
U = 360º atau Oº
T = 90º
S = 180º
B = 270º
8.89 Mils = ½ Derajat
17.78 Mils = 1 Derajat
Catatan:
Perhatikan!!! skala derajat
setiap kompas berbeda
PART 1 Basic Land Navigation
HOW TO SIGHT
A
LENSATIC COMPASS
SIGHTING A LENSATIC COMPASS

Compass-to-Cheek method
for taking a target azimuth bearing
• The compass-to-cheek technique is used almost exclusively for sighting, and it is the best technique for this purpose.
• It is the most efficient technique for taking an accurate azimuth bearing.

SIGHTING A
LENSATIC
COMPASS

Any Questions?
65° AZIMUTH
(11.5m = 1,150mils)

Compass-to-Cheek method
for taking a target azimuth bearing
this is worth repeating
• The compass-to-cheek technique is used almost exclusively for sighting, and it is the best technique for this purpose.
• It is the most efficient technique for taking an accurate azimuth bearing.
SIGHTING
LENSATIC
COMPASS
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SIGHTING
LENSATIC
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PART 1
Basic Land Navigation
SIGHTING
LENSATIC
COMPASS
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PART 1
SIGHTING
LENSATIC
COMPASS
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PART 1
SIGHTING
LENSATIC
COMPASS
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PART 1
SIGHTING
LENSATIC
COMPASS
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SIGHTING
LENSATIC
COMPASS
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SIGHTING
LENSATIC
COMPASS
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SIGHTING
LENSATIC
COMPASS
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SIGHTING
LENSATIC
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Any Questions?
THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
Without ever having been

to a particular place, and with out
talking to someone who has been
there, you can already know quite
a lot about it with a map. A map
is a graphic representation of the
earth’s surface drawn to scale, as
seen from above. It uses colors,
lines, symbols, and labels to
represent features found on the
ground.
However, the finest maps

available are worthless unless the
map user knows how to read
them.
Map Margin Information

• A map could be compared to any piece of equipment, in that before it is placed into
operation the user must read the instructions.
• It is important that you know how to read these instructions.
• The most logical place to begin is the marginal information and symbols, where useful
information telling about the map is located and explained.
• All maps are not the same, so it becomes necessary every time a different map is used to
examine the marginal information carefully.

The top left corner of all USGS topographic maps carries the imprint of the
authority responsible for the mapping .

In the upper right corner is the complete quadrangle name. The state is
also given, as may be the county. Also included is the area covered
and the type of map.

In the bottom right corner of the map is a
• key to roads on the map.
• Map name and state.
• date of the map - one of the most significant pieces of information
available.
• quadrangle location shown as a black square superimposed on a
state map.

At bottom center is the
• map scale ratio – size of area covered and terrain detail.
• Distance bar scales show several alternative units for the measurement
of distance.
• the contour interval. The contours are the brown lines.

In the lower left corner is the credit legend, a complex of information. And the following
• the magnetic declination.
– The star indicates true north: the direction of the North (rotational) Pole
– "MN" indicates the direction of the North Magnetic Pole
– "GN" (Grid North), the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid.

Additional information is distributed around the entire map margin. (only “need to know” items
are circled)
• (1) names for adjoining quadrangle maps (in black). Adjacent to corners and centers of the
map sides.
• (2) In red are the distances by road to the nearest towns.
• (3) The spherical grid, latitude and longitude, complete coordinates are given at each corner
of the map.
(1)
• (4) the UTM (in black lettering with(4)
blue tics) and the UTM grid is in kilometers.
(1) (1)
(1) (1)
(3) (2)
(4)
(1) (1) (1)

(1)
Any Questions?
Map Information
Identification
What a Topo map,
Aerophoto map,
And actual Land features show
LAND
AERIAL PHOTO TOPO MAP

Map Information –
Identification
What a Topo map
and actual Land features show
Map Information –
Identification
What a Topo map
Map Scale
• Map scale is the relationship between distance on a map and the corresponding distance on
the ground. Scale is expressed as a ratio, such as 1:24,000, and shown graphically by bar
scales marked in feet and miles, or in meters and kilometers. Maps with a small scale for
example, 7.5-minute maps, are often called large-scale maps because they show more
detail (by covering less area) than a large bar-scale (30- x 60-minute) map.
• You must know the scale to determine ground distances between objects or locations on the
map, the size of the area covered, and how the scale may affect the amount of detail being
shown.
• The terms “small scale,” “medium scale,” and “large scale” may be confusing when read in
conjunction with the number.
• However, if the number is viewed as a fraction, it quickly becomes apparent that 1:600,000
of something is smaller than 1:75,000 of the same thing. Therefore, the larger the number
after 1:, the smaller the scale of the map.
• (1) Small. Maps with scales of 1:1,000,000 and smaller are used for general planning and
for strategic studies. The standard small-scale map is 1:1,000,000 (1 inch = 16 miles). This
map covers a very large land area at the expense of less detail.
• (2) Medium. Maps with scales larger than 1:1,000,000 but smaller than 1:75,000 are used
for operational planning. They contain a moderate amount of detail, but terrain analysis is
best done with the large-scale maps. The standard medium-scale map is 1:250,000 (1 inch
= 4 miles). Medium-scale maps of 1:100,000 are also frequently encountered.
• (3) Large. Maps with scales of 1:75,000 and larger are used for tactical, administrative, and
logistical planning. These are the maps that you as a Soldier or junior leader are most likely
to encounter. The standard large-scale map is 1:50,000; however, many areas have
been mapped at a scale of 1:25,000 (1 inch = 2,000 feet). Lots of detail is shown on
Map Scale
Medium-scale topo map (1:150,000)

SOME DETAIL
Large-scale topo map (1:24,000)

LOTS OF DETAIL
Small-scale map (1:100,000,000) Medium-scale map (1:250,000)

VERY LITTLE DETAIL MORE DETAIL
Map Scale
Large-scale map (1:24,000)

LOTS OF DETAIL
Map Information - Distance

• The relationship between map and ground distance is the function of the bar scale.
• The bar scale looks like a small ruler and usually has 3 to 4 bar scales; feet, miles, meters,
and kilometers.
• The ability to determine distance on a map, as well as on the earth’s surface, is an

important factor in planning and executing safe, practical routes.
• The map scale of 1:xx,xxx means that one unit of measure on the map is equal to xx,xxx
units of the same measure on the ground.
– Example
• A map scale of 1:25,000 means that one unit of measure on the map is equal to
25,000 units of the same measure on the ground.
– On map 1 inch = 25,000 inches (2083 feet, 694 yards) on the ground.
– On map 1 cm = 25,000 cm (250 meters, ¼ kilometer) on the ground.
– On map 1 inch = 100,000 inches (8333 feet, 2778 yards, 1¾ miles) on the
ground.
– On map 1 cm = 100,000 cm (1000 meters, 1 kilometer) on the ground.
– On map 1 inch = 500,000 inches (41667 feet, 13889 yards, 8 miles) on the
ground.
Map Information - Distance

• EXAMPLE - a map scale of 1:25,000 means that one unit of measure on the map is equal to
– On map 1 inch = 25,000 inches (2083 feet, 694 yards) on the ground.
– On map 1 cm = 25,000 cm (250 meters, ¼ kilometer) on the ground.
• Example below shows the navigator using centimeters (cm) as a measurement, therefore
the map 10cm measurement is equal to 250,000cm on the ground. (3.9 inches map =
97,500 inches ground)
10cm x 25,000 = 250,000cm (2.5 Km) 3.9in x 25,000 = 97,500in (1.5 miles)
250,000cm
(97,500in)
10cm
(3.9in)
Map Symbols
Symbols are used to represent the natural and man-made features of the earth.
It is a map language that is simple to read and understand. BUT you must first know what the
map symbols represent, in order to understand, read and speak map language to others.
cem
VEGETATION Map Symbols

Woods
Shrub
Orchard
Vineyard
Mangrove
Map Symbols
SUBMERGED AREAS
AND BOGS
Marsh or swamp
Submerge marsh
or swamp
Wood marsh
or swamp
Submerge wood
marsh or swamp
Rice field
Land subject
to inundation
Map Symbols
RIVERS, LAKES, AND CANALS
Intermittent stream Perennial lake or pond
Perennial stream Intermittent lake or pond
Intermittent river Dry lake
Well or spring
Perennial river
Small falls; small rapids Dam
Large falls; large rapids Canal

MAN-MADE FEATURES and HIGHWAY & LAND GRIDS
Map
Built-up Areas
Symbols
Highway
Buildings Land Grids

Road
12 13 14
School
Dirt Road 15 16 17
18 19 20
Church
Bridge
Airports
Landing Strip Foot Bridge
Cemetery ce Trail
m
Mine
Power Lines
Gravel Pit Railroad

Any Questions?
CONTOUR LINES A=700 ft

B=740 ft
C=770
Contour Interval ~ The contour interval is the distance ft
between each contour line. The contour interval is D=820
found along the bottom edge, center of the map. ft
Intermediate Contour ~ a brown line on a topographic
map and represents a line of equal elevation.
Index Contour ~ a bolder/wider brown line that has
the elevation value marked at various intervals as a
part of the line.
Example: contour is 20 feet interval
CONTOUR LINES
• There is a dimension to establishing position which does depend on map reading skills.
• This is the vertical dimension. On a map it is referred to as “relief”.

– Knowledge of the relief of an area is extremely important to a wilderness navigator.
• The most graphic technique ever devised to show relief information is the contour line.
– If you were to walk a contour line you would never go down hill and never up hill, and
eventually you would arrive back where you started.
Terrain Relief Features

Five Major Three Minor
• Ridge • Spur
• Hill • Draw
• Saddle • Cliff
• Valley Two Supplemental
• Depression • Cut
• Fill
RIDGE
HILL
S
A
D
D
L
E
VALLEY
DEPRESSION
SPURS
DRAWS
CLIFF
CC
UU
TT
FF
II
LL
LL
Terrain Features
Map Information - Identification

• The identification of significant features, both natural and man-made, is partly a matter of
knowing the language of maps.
– One category of map language is lines. In addition to showing contour relief, lines are
used to portray roads, trails, railroads, power lines, and drainage features.
– Another category of map language is composed of various picture symbols.
– A third part of map language is color.
• If part of identification is in knowing the language of maps, the rest is a problem of

interpretation. What is the relationship among certain lines, symbols, and colors?
• Reading contour lines is literally reading between the lines. Contour lines represent the
shape of the terrain only at specified intervals. The user must be aware that what lies
between may be quite different. There could be rugged terrain, vertical bluffs, or deep
ravines that might not be shown.
• A river may be drawn some what straight on a map, but the terrains actual river meanders,
with many curves, turns, and with wide and narrow banks.
• What a topographic map shows is as accurate as possible, BUT can give you a false sense of
what you might mentally think what is ahead of you and what actually is shown on an aerial
Map Information - Identification

CONTOUR LINES
Contour Lines on a map
Do not show everything.
Scan the Landscape,

read between the lines.
Any Questions?
Map Information – Direction

PROTRACTOR
1. With a protractor the map does

NOT have to be oriented.
2. It is used to calculate direction
from map to ground (compass)
compass
by converting the protractor GN
to a MN for the compass.
3. It is used for –
• Plotting azimuths
• Plotting position
• Plotting UTM coordinates
NOTE
If you have MN LINES drawn on the
map, you can align the protractor to a
MN LINE, get the MN azimuth on the
protractor and you DO NOT have to
do any MN conversions.
(see Part 2 Intermediate Land Nav)

PROTRACTOR (with a protractor the map does NOT have to be oriented)
From map to ground.
ground
A
1. You are in thick woods and cannot
see any landmarks. But you decide
to go to a hill (A) on the map.
2. With protractor aligned with GRID
LINES drawn on the map and the
center of the protractor aligned on
your map position (you are here).
3. You see that the azimuth is 29° or

520 MILS. Next page for closer view
4. Convert this to MN azimuth and put
this on your compass.
NOTE
If you have MN
LINES drawn on the you are
map, align the
protractor to a MN here
LINE, get the MN
azimuth and you
DON’T have to do
MN conversions.
(See PART 2
Intermediate Land
Navigation)

PROTRACTOR (with a protractor the map does NOT have to be oriented)
From map to ground.
ground
A
1. You are in thick woods and cannot
see any landmarks. But you decide
to go to a hill (A) on the map.
2. With protractor aligned with GRID
LINES drawn on the map and the
center of the protractor aligned on
your map position (you are here).
3. You see that the azimuth is 29° or

520 MILS. Next page for closer view
4. Convert this to MN azimuth and put
this on your compass.
NOTE
If you have MN
LINES drawn on the you are
map, align the
protractor to a MN here
LINE, get the MN
azimuth and you
DON’T have to do
MN conversions.
(See PART 2
Intermediate Land
Navigation)
Any Questions?
Map Information - Direction

Orienting the Map with the Landscape (MN and True
North)
TECHNIQUE # 1 (True North)
1. Identify several landmarks on the map and on the

terrain.
2. Visually orient the map landmarks with the terrain
landmarks.
3. The map is oriented to True North.
TECHNIQUE # 2 (Magnetic
North)
With compass & map:
1. Lay the compass on the
MN line on the map.
2. Rotate the map and
compass together until the
compass bearing reads 0°
degrees Magnetic North
(compass and MN line on
the map are aligned /
parallel).
3. The map is oriented to MN.

Orienting the Map with the Landscape (True North)
TECHNIQUE # 3
1. Find Magnetic Declination value in the map margin (bottom left corner), example East 11.5°.
2. Place compass edge on edge of map North/South line with front of compass facing top of map.
3. Rotate map and compass together until North Arrow is 11.5° east of Black Index Line.
Note: Black Index Line is aligned with 348.5°(360° – 11.5° = 348.5°), map is oriented to TRUE NORTH.
or
.1°
e ct f
by 0
corr
annu asterly
orth
ally.
of N
es e
East
mov
1.5°
and
MN 1
1990
MN 11.5° East of North correct for

1990 and moves easterly by 0.1°
annually.

Orienting the Map with the Landscape (Magnetic North)
TECHNIQUE # 4 – when your position on the map is known.
1. Select a terrain feature on the ground that you can find on the map, example the HILL.
2. With the compass, sight the azimuth to the HILL(295 °) from your position ( ).
3. Align the compass edge through the HILL and your position ( ).
4. Rotate map and compass together until 295° is aligned with the Black Index Line. Map is
oriented MN.
HILL
HILL
View 1
Map Information –
Identification
What a Topo map
Compare the next five

slides
with this map, to get view
point perspective of what
you see on this map and
what you see on the
landscape in front of you.
View 2
BOULDER CO.
GRAND CO.
BO U
LDE
RC
O.
GRAND
CO.
Map Information –
Identification
What a Topo map
Note: here the map is turned upside
down so you can get a better
View 1 perspective
BOULDER CO.
GRAND CO.
View 1
Map Information –
Identification
What a Topo map
View 2
BOU
View 2 LD
G R AN D
ER
CO .
CO.
View 1
BOULDER CO.
GRAND CO.
BOU
LD
View 2 G R AN D
ER
CO.
CO .
Any Questions?
Map Folding and Map Care

• Maps should be correctly folded.
– Maps should be folded to make them small enough to be carried and still be available
for use without having to unfold them entirely.
– After a map has been folded it should be placed in a folder for protection. This will
prevent the corners and edges of the map from wearing out and tearing easily when
opened.
• It is hard to navigate accurately with a dirty, grimy, wet or damaged map. Take care of
your map and it will take care of you.
– Most maps are printed on paper and require protection from water, mud, weather, and
tearing.
– Whenever possible, a map should be carried in a waterproof packet to prolong its life.
All members of the – Waterproofing maps.
group should know the
map’s location at all
times.
• Marking a map.
– If it is necessary to mark a map, use light lines so that they may be erased without
smearing or smudging. If the margins of the map must be trimmed note any marginal
information which may be needed, such as grid data or magnetic declination data, on
the back of the map.
• Special care should be taken of a map that is being used in any situation, especially in a
Map Folding
Technique # Technique #
1 3
Technique # 2
Any Questions?
PART 2 Intermediate Land
Navigation
TRACKING PRESENT LOCATION

UTM GRID or GRID NORTH COORDINATES
Below is the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid.
Navigation

HERE IS A BETTER WAY OF LOOKING AT THE UTM GRID LAYOUT

The world is divided into 60 zones.
Here you can see ZONES 1 thru 60 at the top of the world map.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
EQUATOR LINE
Navigation

On the bottom left corner of the

map is the Universal
Transverse Mercator
information.
It will list the square area size

covered and the ZONE the map
represents.
The ZONE number is

represented in the front of a
UTM coordinate.
example
Z12 559000m 4281000m
UTM Coordinates are explained

in the next slides.
Navigation

UTM uses two coordinates – EASTING and NORTHING – to determine a location. Locations within a ZONE are
measured in meters east and west from the central meridian (center of the zone), and north and south from the
equator.
North Pole
ern re EASTING coordinate

rth h e
p
No is The central meridian is an arbitrary line drawn down the
m center of each zone, and given a false easting value of
He 500,000 meters so that only positive eastings are measured
anywhere in the zone.
Eastings increase eastward and decrease westward from the

central meridian.
0m N Equator
500,000 m E
10,000,000m N NORTHING coordinate

Zone Northing is the distance in meters north and south of the
equator (measured along a line within the zone).
ern re If the point lies north (Northern Hemisphere) of the equator,
u th he coordinates always increase from south to north (bottom of

p map to the top) of the equator, with the equator given a
So mis value of 0 meters in the Northern Hemisphere..
He
For locations south (Southern Hemisphere) of the equator,
South Pole the equator is given a false value of 10,000,000 meters in
the Southern Hemisphere and values decrease from north to
south (top of map to the bottom) of the equator.
Navigation

UTM Z19 0297480E UTM Z19 0297480E 4834360N (with a Northern Hemisphere map)
4834360N will be used for an
example in a 1.Coordinate 0297480E represents an east-west measurement and is
Northern Hemisphere map the
and a easting. This coordinate is located 202,520 meters west
Southern Hemisphere map. of zone central meridian line.
2.The 202,520 meters was calculated by observing that 297,480E is

smaller
than 500,000mE. Therefore, 500,000mE – 0297480E
= 202,520. The coordinate is 202 thousand, 520 meters west of
zone central meridian line.
NOTE:
If the Easting number is greater than 500,000mE, for
example 574620E. The coordinate is located 74,620 meters east of
zone central meridian line.
This number 74,620 meters was calculated by observing
that 574620E is bigger than 500,000mE. 574620 E– 500000mE =
74,620. Therefore it is 74,620 meters east from the central
meridian.
3.Coordinate 4834360N represents a north-south measurement and
is the
northing. The location of this coordinate is 4,834,360
meters North of the equator in the zone, which starts at 0 meters.
Z19 0297480E 4834360N (with a Southern Hemisphere map)

1. The coordinate 0297480E is the same as above.
Navigation

1. A UTM coordinate includes the zone, easting coordinate, and northing coordinate; this coordinate describes a
specific
location using meters. There are different ways that UTM coordinates are written, for example:
Z19 0297480E 4834360N

19 0297480E 4834360N
0297480mE 4834360mN (zone number is not used, because the hiking groups are all using the same
maps and know
297480mE 4834360mN what zone they are in for communicating their location to each other via
radios.)
2. Coordinates are also abbreviated to the extent of location accuracy desired; for example, UTM Z19
0297480E 4834360N :
19 297 4834 (1000 m by 1000 m square)

19 2974 48343 (100 m by 100 m square)
19 29748 483436 (10 m by 10 m square)
19 297480 4834360 (1 m by 1 m square)
NOTE:
The more digits you include,
the closer you get
to the exact location.
NOTE:
More detail given in the following slides.
Navigation

• UTM refers to the system grid that divides the world into sixty zones, at 6º degree
intervals.
• The UTM grid is based on the METER SYSTEM, and grid lines are always one kilometer apart
(1,000 meters), making it much easier to estimate distance on a map.
• UTM numbers indicate east/west and north/south positions. The numbers along the
left/right of margin are called Northing, numbers along the top/bottom are called Easting.
Increasing numbers indicate you are traveling either north or east, decreasing numbers
south or west.
• A full UTM tick number along the margin of the map is as follows: tick 4281000mN and tick
4282000mN, the principle (large) digits 81 and 82 indicates thousands of meters, and since a
• The last three
thousand smaller
meters numbers
equals one kilometer,
000m the two ticks are one thousand meters or one 4 82
indicates
kilometerhundreds
apart ( 82of–meters.
81 = 1 ).If the 2
ticks read 4281000mN and 4281500mN
this would indicate the ticks were 1000
five hundred meters or ½ kilometer
apart. north
• GN refers to the UTM grid.

south
• The more digits you include, the
closer you get to the exact location.
559000m 4281000m (4 digit) 1000m x

1000m area.
42 8 000
m
559700m 4281100m (6 digit) 100m x 100m 1
area. 5 5 west east 560 000 E
Navigation

This is good to use when navigators have the
same maps
and need to communicate their location via
walkie-talkies,
when they are separated for any reason.
1. Note which 1000 meter grid square your
position is in (read from the left bottom
corner).
• Example ( ) is in 559000 and 4082000.
1. Note that the Easting number (vertical grid
line) is always read first, then the Northing
(horizontal). Also note that two digits are
large (principle digits) and the rest are small.
This makes it easier to read.
2. Align the protractor within the grid square and
see what small square your position ( ) is
in.
You are
3. Then include vertical and horizontal square
somewhere in
numbers to get 559700 and 4082100 GRID
this square area.
COORDINATE.
• You can read the six digits as 597 821,
100 meter by 100 meter area (328FT x
328FT).
Navigation

This protractor is more accurate in your
location.
1. Note which 1000 meter grid square your
position is in (read from the left bottom
corner).
• Example ( ) is in 559000 and
4082000.
1. Note that the Easting number (vertical grid

line) is always read first, then Northing
(horizontal). Also note that two digits are
large (principle digits) and the rest are
small. This makes it easier to read. 5975 8217
2. Align protractor horizontal scale with 82
horizontal grid line square and shift left or
right till the vertical scale is aligned over
your position ( ).
3. Then include the vertical and horizontal tick
You are exactly here.
numbers to get 559750 and 4082170 GRID
COORDINATE numbers.
• You can read the eight digits as 5975
8217, 10 meter by 10 meter area (33FT
x 33FT).
Navigation

On this type of protractor you have a general

location where you are.
100m x 100m area / 10,000 sq meters / 10 sq Km
110y x 110y area / 10,933 sq yards / 6 sq miles
At which location are you? On this type of protractor you have a more
A. South west side of road, west side of hill? exact location where you are.
B. North east side of road, north west side of hill?
10m x 10m area / 100 sq meters / 0.1 sq
C. Due north side of hill?
Km
D. On top of hill?
3.3y x 3.3y area / 11 sq yards / 0.006 sq
E. Due south side of hill?
miles
You know you are exactly at location B.
C B
B
D
A E
Navigation
Any Questions?
Navigation

DESCRIPTION
Navigation is not about finding yourself after
you are lost (although that’s what happens
sometimes); navigation is about keeping track
of your POSITION as you move away from a
known point. As you move you have to remain
cognizant of the terrain you are leaving, of the
terrain you are passing, and of the terrain that
is ahead of you.
• Make it a habit of keeping your map and compass handy and refer to them every hour or
so to locate your position (more often in low visibility). Keep track of your starting time,
rest breaks and general hiking pace. This will also give you an idea of how far you have
traveled.
• To find out where you are, you must relate your position to features you can see and
identify on the map.
• There are several techniques to find your position on a map.

– RESECTION - With map only (no compass).
– MODIFIED RESECTION – With map or One compass bearing.
– DISTANCE RESECTION – With compass.
– INTERSECTION - Two compass bearings.
– TRIANGULATION - Three compass bearings.
Navigation
FINDING YOUR LOCATION – RESECTION (with map only)
• RESECTON has only one prerequisite - there must be at least two, but preferably three,
identifiable points on the landscape that also appear on the map.
• Orient the map with the landscape. And then using a straight edge object (example;
ruler), lay flat on the map and align with the landmark, then draw a line. Repeat for the
second landmark.
• Where lines
intersect, you are
there.
• You may also do
this visually to
estimate where you
are.
Examples 1, 2, 3,
and 4
Navigation
FINDING YOUR LOCATION – RESECTION (with map only)
Example 5
Navigation

FINDING YOUR LOCATION –RESECTION (two compass bearings)
• RESECTON has only one prerequisite - there must be two identifiable points on the
landscape that also appear on the map.
• Orient the map with MAGNETIC NORTH. And then take a lensatic compass bearing to the
first landmark and lay compass on the map landmark and only rotate the compass to the
bearing taken, draw a line.
• Then take a lensatic compass bearing to the second landmark and lay compass on the map
landmark and only rotate the compass to the bearing taken, draw a line.
• Where lines cross each other, that is approximately where you are.
YOU ARE HERE YOU ARE HERE

Navigation

FINDING YOUR LOCATION –RESECTION (two compass bearings)
STEP TWO. With compass & map:

1. With lensatic compass take an azimuth (bearing) to both (two) landmarks.
TOWER AZIMUTH = 335º HILL AZIMUTH = 60º

Navigation

FINDING YOUR LOCATION – RESECTION (two compass bearings)
STEP THREE. With compass & map:

1. Lay compass front left corner on first map landmark. Pivot point does not move
2. Rotate compass until the azimuth taken to the
landmark is on the index line.
1. Draw a line.
2. Repeat for second landmark.

AZIMUTH
3. Where the lines cross each other, that is 335º
approximately where you are.
YOU
ARE
HERE
AZIMUTH
Navigation
FINDING YOUR LOCATION – MODIFIED RESECTION
( with map or compass )
• MODIFIED RESECTON has one prerequisite – you must be on a linear feature (trail, road,
river, ridge line, etc).
• Orient the map with the landscape (visually or with compass & map magnetic north).
– And then use a straight edge object (ruler) and align with an identifiable landmark,
then draw a line.
– Or visualize the line on the map.
– Or take a compass magnetic bearing to the landmark and lay compass on the map
landmark and only rotate the compass to the bearing taken. (see INTERSECTION slides
for more details)
• Where the line (or compass)Example
crosses the
1 linear feature (trail, road, river, ridgeExample
line), that2is
where you are.
Navigation
• Example 3 - Where are you on the trail in the
field? ?
RIDGE LINE ?
• Example 4 - Where are you on the ridge line? ? X
• After orienting the map and taking a compass
?
bearing or a visual lineup to a landmark, you
find that you are at the “X” position.
HILL
TRAIL
?
X
?
?
HILL
Navigation
• Example 5 - Where are you on the field trail?
• Example 6 - Where are you on the ridgeline trail?
TRAIL ridgeline
hill
e
d gelin
ri
IL
TRA
TRAIL
hill IL
TRA
Navigation

FINDING YOUR LOCATION – ALTITUDE (altimeter)
An altimeter can help you determine your location by adding an elevation reading to other
things you know. Think of this altitude as corresponding to a particular contour line on your
map.
It can also tell you when you have reached a contour line on a map and guide you along that
line, minimizing unnecessary uphill and downhill climbs.
This method works best if you are on a trail, ridgeline, or valley that contains a large section
that is all uphill or all downhill. It can also be used in conjunction with the triangulation method
to determine your position more accurately. First, be sure that you altimeter has been
calibrated. Next, find the point on your map where the trail, ridgeline, or valley intersects the
contour line that most closely corresponds to your altimeter reading.
Calibrating the altimeter:
The most accurate and first method is to set the altimeter at a location where the elevation is
known, such as a trailhead. The second method is to adjust the altimeter to the current
barometric pressure.
Your altimeter readsThis
5840usually
FEET requires access to weather information on a radio designed
to receive such broadcasts.
You are at contour line “X”.
X
X
ANALOG DIGITAL WATCH

Navigation
Any Questions?

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TUJUAN MEMPELAJARI NAVIGASI DARAT

NAVIGASI DARAT DASAR

Penggaris dengan sudut lurus Angka Azimuth

Pelindung Bagian Inti

SIGHTING A LENSATIC COMPASS

SIGHTING A LENSATIC COMPASS

SIGHTING A LENSATIC COMPASS

SIGHTING A LENSATIC COMPASS

THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

Without ever having been

However, the finest maps

Map Margin Information

• It is important that you know how to read these instructions.

Map Margin Information

Map Margin Information

Map Margin Information

Map Margin Information

Map Margin Information

Map Margin Information

(1) (1) (1)

AERIAL PHOTO TOPO MAP

Medium-scale topo map (1:150,000)

Large-scale topo map (1:24,000)

Small-scale map (1:100,000,000) Medium-scale map (1:250,000)

Large-scale map (1:24,000)

Map Information - Distance

• The ability to determine distance on a map, as well as on the earth’s surface, is an

Map Information - Distance

VEGETATION Map Symbols

Intermittent stream Perennial lake or pond

Perennial stream Intermittent lake or pond

Intermittent river Dry lake

Small falls; small rapids Dam

Large falls; large rapids Canal

Buildings Land Grids

Landing Strip Foot Bridge

Gravel Pit Railroad

CONTOUR LINES A=700 ft

• This is the vertical dimension. On a map it is referred to as “relief”.

Terrain Relief Features

Map Information - Identification

• If part of identification is in knowing the language of maps, the rest is a problem of

Map Information - Identification

Scan the Landscape,

Map Information – Direction

1. With a protractor the map does

Map Information – Direction

3. You see that the azimuth is 29° or

Map Information – Direction

3. You see that the azimuth is 29° or

Map Information - Direction

1. Identify several landmarks on the map and on the

Map Information - Direction

MN 11.5° East of North correct for

Map Information - Direction

Compare the next five

Map Folding and Map Care

TRACKING PRESENT LOCATION

TRACKING PRESENT LOCATION

HERE IS A BETTER WAY OF LOOKING AT THE UTM GRID LAYOUT

TRACKING PRESENT LOCATION

On the bottom left corner of the

It will list the square area size