SISMO

www.sismo.srv.br
Signal Processing Research, Training & Consulting Attribute-Assisted Seismic Processing and Interpretation
www.sismo.srv.br http://geology.ou.edu/aaspi/

Can we use the spectral ridges to estimate Q ?

Marclio Castro de Matos

marcilio@matos.eng.br www.matos.eng.br

1
 Summary

Reflectivity Synthetic CWT Magnitude CWT MML

CWT

Spectral ridges magnitude

pos

Q estimation 0

Examples
Conclusions
 Spectral ridges

Introduction

Continuous Wavelet Transform (very brief review)

ICWTdec

Examples

Conclusions

3
 Source Seismic
Reflectivity wavelet Noise data
r(t) * s(t) + n(t) u(t)

Time
Long window spectral

decomposition and the

convolutional model
Frequency

Bandlimited white
White
spectrum
spectrum
Modified from Kurt Marfurt course(Partyka et al, 1999)
 Source Seismic
Reflectivity wavelet Noise data
r(t) * s(t) + n(t) u(t)

Time
Short window spectral

decomposition and the

convolutional model
Frequency

Colored spectrum Bandlimited colored

spectrum
Modified from Kurt Marfurt course(Partyka et al, 1999)
 1822 Fourier book

From: http://books.google.com/

f t t

2 1 t 0 T
fT (t ) Fk .e jk0t
k
0
T
Fk
T t 0
f (t ).e jk 0t
.dt

Animated plot of the first five successive partial Fourier series. From wikipedia.org
 Seismic zero phase wavelet

Summation of co-sinusoids with zero phase

f t t

(Yilmaz, 2001)
Short Time Fourier Transform STFT f t t

The simplest time-frequency representation
Fx t , ; h x u h *
u t e j 2u
du

8
Short Time Fourier Transform STFT
Amplitude and Phase spectrum

9
 2000

f t t 2200
Time-frequency
pattern???
4
x 10
2000
2400
2200 2

2400 1

2600 2600
time

time
2800
-1
3000

-2
3200 2800
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

3000

3200

0 50 100 150 200

frequency
 Spectral ridges

Introduction

Continuous Wavelet Transform (very brief review)

ICWTdec

Examples

Conclusions

11
 Continuous Wavelet Transform

(x) L2() is called a

0 2 2

wavelet 0 d d C
Wavelet Chapeu Mexicano

t dt 0
0.8

0.6

0.4

Amplitude
0.2

-0.2

-0.4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
tempo

3 18

1 t u

u ,s t 0 t dt 0
2.5 16

2 14

1.5 s s Amplitude
12
Amplitude

1 10

8
0.5

6
0

4
-0.5

2
-1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
tempo frequencia normalizada (x )
Continuous Wavelet Transform
(CWT)

f t t


1 t ut
(u, sf)(t) Wf (u, s) fdt,u ,fs s u sft(t ) dt
1 t u 1
(u,xs() )
CWT
Wf
s s
s s s s
The CWT can be interpreted as
s s s a band pass filter response at
Amplitude
each scale s
60

50

40
Scales
Escala

30

20

10

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 time

800 900 1000
Amostras
Time (ms)

0.4
Amplitude

0.2

-0.2

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Amostras
Time (ms)
 Grossmann and Morlet
introduced CWT formally
in 1984
 Inverse CWT

Reflectivity Synthetic CWT Magnitude Voices ICWT

CWT
magnitude
pos

 Summary

Introduction

Continuous Wavelet Transform (very brief review)

Pseudo deconvolution (icwtdec)

Examples

Conclusions

16
Math behind
 Singularities detection and characterization through Continuous
Wavelet Transform (CWT): Lipschitz (Hlder) Coefficients

0. 5

0. 4

0. 3
Amplitude

0. 2

0. 1

-0. 1

-0. 2

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
amos t ras

Abs. and by scale Values of Ca,b Coefficients for a = 1 2 3 4 5 ...

61 120
57
53
49 100
45
41 3
80

|Wf(u,s)|
37
scales a

33 2
29 60
25 1
21 40
17 10 20 30 40 50 60
13 s
9 20
5
1.5
1
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

log2(|Wf(u,s)|)
1
time (or space) b 0.5 +1/2=1/2
Local Maxima Lines
0
61
57 -0.5
53 -1
49 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
45 log2(s)
41
37
33
29

1
25

log 2 Wf u, s log 2 A log 2 s

21
17
13
9
5 2
1
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
 CWT modulus maxima line

Reflectivity Synthetic CWT Magnitude CWT MML

CWT
magnitude
pos

0
WTMMLA seismic applications
 ICWT deconvolution workflow

CWT CWT ICWT

Shrunken
Morlet MML Morlet
Reflectivity Synthetic CWT Magnitude CWT MML voices

CWT
magnitude
pos

Relative acoustic impedance from ICWTDEC

WORKFLOW

- Re-scale seismic trace: |s(t)|<<1

- Integration filter (Peacock, 1979)
- High-pass filter
 Summary

Introduction

Continuous Wavelet Transform (very brief review)

ICWTdec

Examples

Conclusions

24
Case 1: Synthetic seismic channel

10 ms thickness trace
Case 1: Synthetic seismic channel

30 ms thickness trace
Synthetic channel and its ICWTdec

ICWTDEC RAI
Adding random noise
Case 2: Barnet Shale

Original Seismic
ICWTdec
THINMAN
 Marble Falls
Amplitude
60

Upper Barnett Lm
Upper Barnett Sh
60

Forestburg
Lower Barnett Sh

Viola
ICWTdec
 Marble Falls
Amplitude
10

Upper Barnett Lm
Upper Barnett Sh
10

Forestburg
Lower Barnett Sh

Viola
THINMAN
 Case 3: Pre-stack (Hampson&Russel 2D demo data set)

Offset

0.7

Twt (s)
 ICWTdec

Offset

0.7

Twt (s)
 RAI

Offset

0.7

Twt (s)
 Spectral ridges Conclusions

CWT spectral decomposition filtering

process described dear generates
high resolution events that correlate to
major acoustic impedance changes.

Since this broadening is a trace-by-

trace independent process, laterally-
consistent thin bed terminations and
other truncations can be interpreted
with confidence.
 Q estimation

Anelasticity and wave propagation very brief review

Q estimation and spectral ridges
Conclusions
Anelasticity

Berea Sandstone
Wyllie, et al, 1958

From Carl Sondergeld Rock Physics Course Notes, 2009

 Anelasticity review

From Carl Sondergeld Rock Physics Course Notes, 2009

Wave equation

From Carl Sondergeld Rock Physics Course Notes, 2009

Attenuation per wavelength

From Carl Sondergeld Rock Physics Course Notes, 2009

Normal incidence anelastic reflections

From Carl Sondergeld Rock Physics Course Notes, 2009

 Seismic wave behavior in absorptive media defined by v, and Q.
Q is inversely proportional to attenuation. The greater the Q value, the smaller
the loss or attenuation!
The phase lag is a direct measure of attenuation. The greater the phase lag,
the greater the attenuation.
Q for rock lies in the range of 10 to 200.
If Q = Q() then M must also be a function of frequency!
Moduli must depend upon frequency!

Figure 2.4 of Seismic Absorption Estimation and Compensation by Changjun Zhang M.Sc., The University of British Columbia, 2009
 Q estimation

Anelasticity and wave propagation very brief review

Q estimation and spectral ridges
Conclusions
 Q estimation from spectral ratio

Adrinal Ilyas, 2010, Estimation of q factor from seismic reflection data, MsC Curtin University
freq

Chopra, Alexeev, and Sudhakar, TLE 2003, High-frequency restoration of surface seismic data
 Q estimation from spectral ratio
In Q computation, we need to compute the amplitude spectra of two adjacent events (Taner, 2000)
Reflectivity Synthetic CWT Magnitude CWT MML

CWT
magnitude

pos

Spectral ridges can guide Q

estimation from spectral ratio
Q estimation from Peak Frequency variation

Ricker wavelet

Zhang & Ulrych, 2002, Geophysics, Estimation of Quality factors from CMP records
Q estimation from Peak Frequency variation

Zhang & Ulrych, 2002, Geophysics, Estimation of Quality factors from CMP records
Q estimation from Peak Frequency variation

Zhang_Ulrych_2007_Geophysics_Seismic absorption compensation A least squares inverse scheme

Frequency decay caused by thin-bed tuning and absorption

Figure 4.2 of Seismic Absorption Estimation and Compensation by Changjun Zhang M.Sc., The University of British Columbia, 2009
 Absorption and specdecomp phase components

Reflectivity Synthetic CWT Magnitude CWT MML CWT phase

CWT
magnitude 180
pos

0
-180

10 70

Frequency (Hz)
 CWT Magnitude and Phase overlaid by spectral ridges
The phase spectra will provide information for dispersion estimation. Attributes picked at the peak of the envelope represent the average of the wavelet
attribute. That is why we pick the amplitude spectrum at the time of envelop peak for Q computation. Phase spectra is picked the same way. If we look
at the phase spectra, we observe that most of the spectra of the events are horizontal, which means that these wavelets are zero phase, and their
rotation angle is the phase corresponding to the envelop peak. Therefore, computation of dispersion consists of determining the phase differences at
each sub-band trace and compute an average phase delay per cycle per second. Since dispersion is related to absorption, higher levels of dispersion
will point to higher levels of absorption, which may indicate fracture in carbonates or unconsolidated snads in clastic environment. (Taner, 2000).
 Conclusions

CWT spectral decomposition

filtering process described
dear generates high
resolution events that
correlate to major acoustic
impedance changes.

It seems we can correlate

spectral ridges with Q
estimation
 Acknowledgements

Signal Processing Research, Training & Consulting Attribute-Assisted Seismic Processing and Interpretation
www.sismo.srv.br http://geology.ou.edu/aaspi/

Thanks to DEVON for providing a license to one of the seismic data volume used herein.

Thanks to Carl Sondergeld

Thanks to Roderick Perez from OU for his Barnet shale interpretation.

Thanks also to PETROBRAS Reservoir Geophysics Management friends for their comments.

Thank you for your attention!!!

marcilio@matos.eng.br www.matos.eng.br