Static and Dynamic

Chapter 1 : Introduction
Introduction to static
Mechanics can be defined as that branch of
the physical sciences concern with the state of
rest or motion of bodies that are subjected to
the action forces.
Basic mechanics is composed of two principal
areas:
Static
Deal with the equilibrium of bodies, that is, those
that are either at rest or move with a constant
velocity
Dynamic
Concern with the accelerated motion of bodies.
Fundamental concept
Basic terms
Length
needed to locate the position of a point in space and
thereby describe the size of a physical system.
once a standard unit of length is defined, one can then
quantitatively define distances and geometric properties
of a body as multiples of the unit length.
Space
the geometry region occupied by bodies whose positions
are described by linear and angular measurement
relative to a coordinate system.
for three-dimensional problems three independent
coordinates are needed.
for two-dimensional problems only two coordinates will
required.
 Time
the measure of the succession of event and is a basic
quantity in dynamics for three-dimensional problems
three independent coordinates are needed.
not directly involved in the analysis of static problems

Mass
a measure of the inertia of a body, which is its
resistance to a change of velocity.
can be regarded as the quantity of matter in a body.
the property of every body by which it experiences
mutual attraction to other bodies.
 Force
the action of one body on another.
tends to move a body in the direction of its action.
the action of a force is characterized by its magnitude,
by the direction of its action, and by its points of
application.
Particle
has a mass, but a size that can be neglected.
Example: the size of the earth is significant compared to
the size of its orbit, therefore the earth can be modeled
as a particle when studying its orbital motion.
when the is idealized as a particle, the principles of
mechanics reduce to a rather simplified form since the
geometry of the body will not involved in the analysis of
the problem.
 Rigid body
can be considered as a combination of a large number
of particles in which all the particles remain at a fixed
distance from one another both before and after
applying a load.
as the result, the material properties of any that is
assumed to be rigid will not have to considered when
analyzing the forces acting on the body.
in most cases the actual deformation occurring in
structures, machines, mechanisms, and the like are
relatively small, and the rigid-body assumption is
suitable for analysis.
Conversion factors
Newtons three laws of motion
First law
A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion
will remain at a uniform speed in a straight line, unless it
is acted on by an imbalanced force.

F1 F2

F3
 Second Law
A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force, F
experiences acceleration, a that has the same
direction as the force and magnitude that is
proportional to the force
If F is applied t a particle of mass, m, this law may
be expressed mathematically as

F = ma

F a

Accelerated motion
 Third Law
For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction..

force of A on B

F R

force of B on A

Action - Reaction
 Which person in this ring will be harder to move? The
sumo wrestler or the little boy?
Newtons law of gravitational
attraction
Gravitational attraction between any two particles is gover after formulating
Law of motion

m1m2
F G 2
r
Where

F = force of gravitation between the two particles

G = universal constant of gravitation; according to

experimental evidence,

m1,m2= mass of each of the two particle

r = distance between the two particles

Weight
What is the different between Mass and Weight?
 The relationship between mass and weight can be
expressed
develop an approximate expression for finding the weight, W
of a particle having a mass m1 = m
Assume the earth to be a non-rotating sphere of constant
density and having a mass m2 = Me, then if r is the distance
between the earths center and the particle, we have

m1 M e
W G
r2
G Me
Letting,g yields
r2

g = 9.807 m/s2

so W mg
Units of measurement
Mechanic deal with four fundamental quantities
Length
Mass
Force
Time

Units and symbols

SI Units in Two system
U.S Customary Units

Quantity Dimensional Unit Symbol Unit Symbol

Symbol

Mass M kilogram kg slug -

Length L meter m foot ft

Time T second s second sec

Force F newton N pound lb

 SI units
International system of units
Newton (N)
Force in Newtons(N) is derived from F=ma

1kg

Force?
Solution

m
N kg
s2
W mg (g=9.81m/s2)
 US Customary
The unit of mass, called a slug, is derived from F = ma.
Newton (N)
Force in Newtons(N) is derived from F=ma

1slug

Solution mass?

lb. sec 2
slug
ft
w
m (g=32.2 ft/sec2)
g
 Conversion factors
Terms U.S Customary S.I metric unit
Length 1 in. = 25.4 mm
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 mile = 1609 m
Area 1 in.2 = 6.45 cm2
1 ft2 = 0.093 m2
1 sq mile = 2.59 km2
Volume 1 in3 = 16.39 cm3
1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3
Capacity 1 qt = 1.136 I
1 gal = 4.546 I
Mass 1 Ib = 0.454 kg
1 slug = 14.6 kg
Velocity 1 in/sec = 0.0254 m/s
1 ft/min = 0.3048 m/s
I mph = 0.447 m/s = 1.61 km/h
Acceleration 1 in./sec2 =0.0254 m/s2
1 ft/sec2 = 0.3048 m/s2
Force 1 Ib = 4.448 N
1 poundal = 0.138 N
Pressure 1 Ib/in.2 = 6.895 kPa
1 Ib/ft2 = 47.88 kPa
Energy 1 ft-Ib = 1.356 J
1 Btu = 1.055 kJ
1 hp-hr = 2.685 MJ
1 watt-hr = 3.6 kJ
Power 1 hp 0.746 kW
Example 1.1
Convert 2 km/h to m/s and ft/s

Solution
Since 1 km = 1000 m and 1 h = 3600 s, the factors of
conversion are arranged in the following order, so that
a cancellation of the units can be applied:
km 2 km 1000 m 1 h
2
h h km 3600 s

m 3.281 ft
0.556 x 1.824 ft / s
s m
Mathematic required
Algebraic equations with one unknown
Simultaneous equations with two unknowns
Quadratic equations
Trigonometry functions of a right angle triangle
Sine law and cosine law as applied to non-right angle
triangles.
Geometry
 Algebraic equations with one unknown

Example 1.2

Solve for x in the equation

3(6 x )
4 16
2
x?

Simultaneous equation

Example 1.3

Solve the simultaneous equations.

3x 4 y 8
6 x 2 y 10
x?
y?
 Quadratic equations
Example 1.4
Solve for x in equation

3x ( 4 2 x ) 10 x 2 8

b b 2 4ac
use x
2a
 Trigonometry functions of a right angle triangle
y side opposite
Sin
r hypotenuse

x side adjacent
r cos
y r hypotenuse

y side opposite
tan
x side adjacent
x

Sine law and cosine law as applied to non-right angle triangles

Triangles that are not right angle triangles

A b
C
A B C

sin a sin b sin g
g a

B
 Side divided by the sine of the angle opposite the side

C a C 2 A2 B 2 2 AB cos g

b g B

Right angle triangle where g = 90o

C a C 2 A2 B 2

b g B
A
 Geometry
opposite angles are equal when two straight lines
intersect
a
d a=b
c c=d
b

supplementary angles total 1800

a
a + b = 1800
b
 complementary angles total 900
a
a + b = 900
b

a straight line intersection two parallel lines produces the

following equal angles:

a=b
a c=d
c
b or
d a=b=c=d
 the sum of the interior angles of any triangles equals to 180o

a a+b+c=
1800
b
c

similar triangles have the same shape

A BD DE BE

BA AC BC

B
C E

If AB = 4, AC = 6 and DB = 10, then by proportion

6
DE 10 15
4
 circle equations:
circumfere nce D or 2r

D 2
Area or r 2
4

Angle is defined as one radian when a length of 1 radius

is measured on the circumference.