A Review of Project on

1
EFFECT OF LIME AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON RICE HUSK
ASH STABILIZED EXPANSIVE SOIL
by
B. Kinnera 13121A0115
C. Sarala 13121A0128
C. Saraswathi 13121A0132
G. Padmaja 13121A0149
Under the guidance of:
Prof. O. Eswara Reddy
Dept. of Civil Engineering

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2 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Site Selection
3. Objectives
4. Industrial wastes as stabilizers
5. Materials used
6. Properties of untreated soils
7. Experimental program
8. Test procedure
9. Project results
10.Conclusions
11.References 16-11-2017
3 INTRODUCTION

Expansive soils are problematic soils which are swell when absorbs moisture and
shrinks when they dry out. These are having high swelling index properties and high
index properties.

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Fig 1: Problems of expansive soils
4 SITE SELECTION

The soil in Gajulamandyam is not suitable in the present form for constructions due to the
following reasons:

1. Poor workability for compaction. The construction is critical to carry out the work
during monsoon when optimum moisture content cannot be achieved.

2. High compressibility, shrinkage and swelling characteristics leading to uneven

settlements.

3. Inadequate bearing capacity.

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5 OBJECTIVES

1. To decrease the swelling and shrinkage of soil.

2. Usage of industrial waste to stabilize the expansive soil.
3. Studying of combined effect of lime and cacl2 along with rice husk ash on
stabilization of expansive soil.
4. To identify the feasibility of combination of lime and Rice husk ash as a suitable
admixture for soil stabilization and change in their behaviour in presence and
absence of calcium chloride
5. To conduct series of UCC strength tests on expansive and stabilized soils to
determine the change in UCC strength with curing period.

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6 INDUSTRIAL WASTES AS STABILIZERS

1. An ideal and eco-friendly use for Rice husk ash and other waste materials is to
improve the performance characteristics of roadway subgrade and base
materials.
2. Use of Rice husk ash as a binder to stabilize an expansive soil helped in
reducing its plasticity and swelling capacity.
3. Rice husk ash collected from boiler mill near Chandragiri, Tirupati.

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Fig 2: Rice husk ash passed through 150
 7 MATERIALS USED

Soil passed through Rice husk ash passed

4.75 mm sieve through 150 sieve

Lime CaCl2

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Fig 3: Materials
8 PROPERTIES OF UNTREATED SOIL

S. No. Property Value

1 Specific gravity 2.82
Gravel (%) 1

Sand (%) 32
2 Sieve Analysis Silt (%) 19
Clay (%) 49

Liquid Limit (%) 68

3 Atterberg Limits Plastic limit (%) 21
Shrinkage limit 10

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9 Cntnd...,

Standard Proctor compaction OMC (%) 20.50

4
MDD (%) 1.66

5 Free Swell Index (%) 50

6 Unconfined Compressive Strength 136

(kpa)

7 Indian Standard Classification CH

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10 SIEVE ANALYSIS
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE
100.0

90.0

80.0
PERCENTAGE OF FINES (%)

70.0
GRAVEL=1%
60.0

50.0 SAND=32%
40.0
SILT=19%
30.0

20.0
CLAY=49%
10.0

0.0
0.00010 0.00100 0.01000 0.10000 1.00000 10.00000
SIEVE SIZE (mm) 16-11-2017
11 OMC and MDD FOR UNTREATED SOIL

STANDRD PROCTOR TEST

1.75

DRY DENSITY( g/cc )

1.5

OMC=20.5%
MDD=1.66 (g/cc)

1.25
13 18 23 28
MOISTURE CONTENT(%)

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12 UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF UNTREATED SOIL
80
UCCS
70
SHEAR STRESS (kN/m2)
60

50
UCCS (qu)=136 kN/m2
40 COHESION (cu)=68 kN/m2

30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
NORMAL STRESS (kN/m2)
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13 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

Tests were conducted to establishing the soil properties before and after stabilization.

MIXED DESIGNS
1. CL
2. CL+10RHA
3. CL+10RHA+2.5L
4. CL+10RHA+5L
5. CL+10RHA+2.5L+1Ca
6. CL+10RHA+2.5L+1Ca
7. CL+10RHA+2.5L+2Ca

*CL- Clay, *RHA- Rice Husk Ash, *L- Lime, *Ca- Calcium Chloride
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14 FIXING THE RHA as CONSTANT FOR ALL MIXES

MIXES OMC (%) MDD (g/cc)

Soil+5RHA 24.2 1.51
Soil+10RHA 21.8 1.59
Soil+15RHA 22.7 1.54

From the above mixes Soil+10 RHA gives the maximum dry density so that we are
fixing the 10% RHA as constant.

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15 OMC and MDD FOR ALL MIXES

MIXES OMC (%) MDD (g/cc)

Untreated soil 20.5 1.6

Soil+10RHA 24.2 1.51

Soil+10RHA+2.5L 25.2 1.40

Soil+10RHA+5L 23.8 1.45

Soil+10RHA+2.5L+1Ca 24.2 1.46

Soil+10RHA+5L+1Ca 23.8 1.44

Soil+10RHA+5L+2Ca 25.8 1.46

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16 MECHANISM INVOLVED IN BETWEEN RHA and LIME

1. Rice husk ash involves Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) as main (highest) composition.
2. When Calcium Oxide ( Quick Lime) reacts with Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) in RHA gives
Calcium Silicate compound.

CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3

Calcium Oxide Silicon Di Oxide Calcium Silicate

By addition of Lime and RHA to the soil the compound formed Calcium Silicate enter into
the Inter layer sites of the soil particle lattices and replaced with the Calcium Silicate so that
soil will become harden. Both calcium oxide and Silicon dioxide act as cementing material
for soil stabilization. Calcium Chloride used for early gaining of strength .

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17 TEST PROCEDURE

1. Tests were conducted according to IS codes

2. Water content used in the mixes is OMC obtained immediately
after mixing the admixture.
3. UCC testing for mixes was conducted at different curing intervals
of 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days.
4. Observations are made for the changes in the properties of soil
such as UCCS, OMC & MDD.

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18 CURING OF SOIL SAMPLES

Curing of soil was done by adding OMC to the mixes to obtain UCC strength for different
curing periods. Curing of sample maintained at 20 0 C according to IS Codes as shown
below.

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Fig 4: Curing of samples
19 PROJECT RESULTS UCCS (qu) FOR ALL SAMPLES

1 day curing 3 day curing 7 day curing 14 day curing 28 day curing
MIXES (KN/ m2) (KN/ m2) (KN/ m2) (KN/ m2) (KN/ m2)

1st Mix (soil only) 136

2nd Mix (soil+10RHA) 260 280 301 343 371

3rd Mix (sol+10RHA+2.5L) 210 262 332 416 507

4th Mix (sol+10RHA+5L) 216 356 425 599 838

5th Mix (sol+10RHA+2.5L+1Ca) 324 407 529 604 623
6th Mix (sol+10RHA+5L+1Ca) 333 521 601 684 921

7th Mix (sol+10RHA+5L+2Ca) 427 536 642 921 1012

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20 PROJECT RESULTS- EFFECT OF RHA ON UCC STRENGTH
400

300
Strength (kPa)

200

100

0
0 5 10 15 20
Curing Time (Days)

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Fig 5: UCC Strength vs Curing time for 10% RHA
21 PROJECT RESULTS- EFFECT OF LIME ON UCC STRENGTH

1000

Strength (kPa) 750

500 CL+ RHA

CL+ RHA+2.5 L
CL+ RHA+ 5 L
250

0
0 5 10 15 20
Curing Time (Days)

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Fig 6: UCC Strength vs Curing time for CL+RHA, 2.5% L, 5%L
22 PROJECT RESULTS- EFFECT OF CaCl2 ON UCC STRENGTH
1000

750
Strength (kPa)

500 CL+RHA+2.5 L+1 Ca

CL+RHA+5 L+1 Ca
CL+RHA+5 L+ Ca
250

0
0 5 10 15 20
Curing Time (Days)

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Fig 7: UCC Strength vs Curing time for CL+RHA, 2.5% L, 5%L, 1% Ca, 2% Ca
 1000
23

750
Strength (kPa)
CL+RHA
CL+RHA+2.5L
500
CL+RHA+5L
CL+RHA+2.5+1Ca
CL+RHA+5L+1Ca
250 CL+RHA+5L+2Ca

0
0 5 10 15 20
Curing Time (Days)

Fig 8: UCC Strength vs Curing time

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24 CONCLUSIONS

1. CL+10 RHA mix had the highest value of UCC Strength on 14th day curing
compared to 7th day and 3rd day curing.
2. CL+10 RHA+5L mix had the highest value of UCC Strength as compared to the
CL+RHA+2.5L mix.
3. CL+10 RHA+5L+2Ca mix had highest value of UCC Strength as compared to the
CL+10 RHA+5L+1Ca and CL+10 RHA+2.5L+1Ca mix.
4. CL+10 RHA+5L+2Ca mx had the highest value of UCC Strength on 14th day
curing compared to 7th day and 3rd day curing.
All these results happened because of forming of Calcium Silicate compound on
reaction of lime and Rice husk ash (both act as cementing materials) and early gaining
of strength due to the reaction of CaCl2 with the Cations of Soil particles. 16-11-2017
25 SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY

1. From the experimental work carried out good results have been observed
and further some tests are to be performed for long curing periods like 28
days, 56days, 90 days etc., to determine the changes in Atterberg limits.

2. SEM (Scanning Electronic Microscope) Analysis should be conducted for

curing samples to study the micro level analysis of particles of samples.

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26 REFERENCES

1. Al-Rawas, N.M. (2000), Effect of curing and temperature on Rice Husk Ash stabilization,
Proc. Of Second Australian Conf. on Engineering Materials, Sydney, 1981, pp.611-662.
2. Koteswara Rao. D. (2012), Effect of Ferric chloride and Rice husk ash in the Stabilization of
expansive soil for the pavement sub grades, IJESAT, Vol.2, Issue.2, March April 2012.
3. Koteswara Rao. D. (2011), Stabilization of expansive soil with rice husk ash, lime and
gypsum an experimental study, IJEST, Vol.3, No.11, November 2011.
4. Koteswara Rao. D. (2012), A Laboratory study on the effect of rice husk ash and potassium
chloride for the stabilization of expansive soil, IJEST, Vol. 4, No.01, January 2012.
5. Mohammed Ali and Sreenivasulu. V. (2004) An experimental study on the influence of Rice
husk ash and Lime on properties of Bentonite, IGC, Warangal, PP 468-471.

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27 6. IS 1498 (1970): Classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes by
Bureau of Indian standards.
7. IS 2720-10 (1991): Methods of test for soils, part X:Determination of unconfined compressive
strength by Bureau of Indian standards.
8. IS 2720-2 (1973): Methods of tests for soils, part II: Determination of water content, by
Bureau of Indian standards.
9. IS 2720-40 (1977): Methods of test for soils, part XL: Determination free swell index of soils,
by Bureau of Indian standards.
10. IS 2720-5 (1985): Methods of test for soils, part V: Determination liquid and plastic limit of
soils, by Bureau of Indian standards.
11. IS 2720-6 (1972): Methods of test for soils, part VI: Determination shrinkage factors of soils,
by Bureau of Indian standards.
12. IS 2720-7 (1980): Methods of test for soils, part VII: Determination of water content dry
density relation using light compaction, by Bureau of Indian standards. 16-11-2017
28 13. IS 4332-1 (1967): Methods of test for stabilized soils, part I: Method of sampling and
preparation of stabilized soils for testing, by Bureau of Indian standards.
14. IS 4332-2 (1967): Methods of test for stabilized soils, part II: Determination of moisture content
of stabilized soil mixtures, by Bureau of Indian standards.
15. IS 4332-3 (1967): Methods of test for stabilized soils, part III: Test for determination of
moisture content- dry density relation for stabilized soil mixtures, by Bureau of Indian
standards.
16. IS 4332-4 (1968): Methods of test for stabilized soils, part IV: Wetting and drying, and freezing
and thawing tests for compacted soil- cement mixtures, by Bureau of Indian standards.

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29

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