Benno Rahardyan
FTSL-ITB
Mass Balance
Unit : mass
It is usually more convenient to work
with values of mass flux
the rate at which mass enters or leave
the systems.
(mass at time t + dt) / dt =
Unit : mass/time
Mass accumulation rate =
Mass flux in mass flux out + net rate of
chemical production
or
dm/dt = d (VC) / dt
m : mass
V : volume
C : concentration
Steady state : condition that no longer
change with time.
The concentration and hence the mass
within the control volume remains
constant.
dm/dt = 0
m=QxC
mass/time = volume/time x mass/volume
Max flux out
mout = Q out x C out
m out = Q out x C
mass/time = volume/time x mass/volume
Net rate of chemical reation
Net rate of production of a compound from
chemical or biological reactions.
Mass/time
Positive or negative
Usulally expressed in terms of concentration
Mrxn = V x (dC/dt)
Conservative compound
dC/dt = m reaction = o
Zero order decay : the rate of loss of
the compound is constant
dC/dt equals k
Mrxn equals - Vk
First order decay
Rate of losses of the compound is directly
proportional to its concentration
dC/dt equals kC, for such compound Mrxn
equals - VkC
approaches
Draw a schematic diagram of situation
Write a mass balance equation
dM/dt = Min Mout + Mrxn
Determine whether the problem is steady
state or not (dm/dt = 0) or non steady state
(dm/dt = V dC/dt)
Determine whether the compound being
balanced is concervative (mrxn = 0) or non
conservatives (mrxn must be determined
based on the reaction kinetics.
Batch Reactor
The reactor that has no inlet or outlet
is termed as batch reactor.
dM/dt = M rxn
VdC/dt = V (dC/dt) (reaction only)
dC/dt = dC/dt (reaction only)
Example
First order decay r = - kC
dC/dt = - kC
or Ct / Co = e-kt
Plug Flow Reactor
Model the chemical transformation of
compound as they are transported in
systems resembling pipes.
0= (CuQu+CeQe) CdQd + 0
Cd =(CuQu+CeQe) / Qd
C = Cin x Q / (Q + kV)
C = Cin x 1 / (1 + kV/Q)
100 mg/L x 50 m3/day
C = ----------------------------------
50 m3/day + (0.216/day)(500 m3)
Example Non Steady State CMRF
with First Order Decay
The manufacturing process that
generates the waste in previous
example has to be shut down, and
starting at t=0, the concentration Cin
entering the CMFR is set to 0. What is
the outlet concentration as a function
of time after the concentration is set to
0? How long does it take the tank
concentration to reach 10% of its
initial, steady-state value?
dm/dt = min mout + mrxn
VdC/dt = 0- QC- kCV
dC/dt = - (Q/V + k)C
Ct/C0= 0.10
0.10 = exp (-0.316/day x t)
ln(0.10) = -2.303 = (-0.316/day x t)
t = 7.3 days
Non Steady State CMFR
Conservative Substance
The CMFR reactor is filled with clean
water prior to being started. After start
up, a waste stream containing 100
mg/L of concervative pollutant is
added to the reactor at a flow rate of
50 m3/day. The volume of the reactor
is 500 m3. What is the concentration
exiting the reactor as a function of
time after it is started?
dm/dt = min mout + mrxn
VdC/dt = QCin-QC + 0
dC/dt = -(Q/V)(C-Cin)
y = (C-Cin)
dy/dt = dC/dt d(Cin /dt).
Cin constant d(Cin /dt) = 0
dy / dt = dC/dt
dy/dt = - Q/V x y
[int y(0) y (t) ] dy/y = ln (y(t)/ y(0) )
[int (0) (t) ] Q/V dt = - (Q/V) t
PFR