Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
Oversampling ADC
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
Nyquist-Rate ADC
The black box version of the quantization process
Digitizes the input signal up to the Nyquist frequency (fs/2)
Minimum sampling frequency (fs) for a given input bandwidth
Each sample is digitized to the maximum resolution of the converter
Vref
bn
A/D
...
b1
Analog input Digital output
fs
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
Oversampling ADC
Sample rate is well beyond the signal bandwidth
Coarse quantization is combined with feedback to provide an accurate
estimate of the input signal on an average sense
Quantization error in the coarse digital output can be removed by the
digital decimation filter
The resolution/accuracy of oversampling converters is achieved in a
sequence of samples (average sense) rather than a single sample; the
usual concept of DNL and INL of Nyquist converters are not applicable
Vref
bn
OSR
...
A/D d1
b1
Analog input Digital output Decimation filter
fs
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
f f
fm=fs/2 2fs 3fs fm fs/2
|X(jf)| |X(jf)|
f f
2fs 3fs fs/2
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
Oversampling ADC
Predictive type
Delta modulation
Noise-shaping type
Sigma-delta modulation
Multi-level (quantization) sigma-delta modulation
Multi-stage (cascaded) sigma-delta modulation (MASH)
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
Oversampling
Nyquist Oversampled
bn bn
A/D A/D M
...
...
b1 b1
Decimation filter
fs
Mfs
2/12 OSR = M
PSD PSD
2/12
f f
-fs/2 fs/2 -Mfs/2 -fs/2 fs/2 Mfs/2
Noise Shaping
PSD
Vi H(f) A/D
f
-Mfs/2 -fs/2 fs/2 Mfs/2
Mfs
Push noise out of signal band
e
H(f) 1 2
H-1(f) 1 Vi H(f)
f
fs/2 Mfs/2
e e
Large gain @ LF, low gain @ HF
Integrator? 1 2
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
Sigma-Delta () Modulator
z-1
First-order
modulator
Vi A/D Do
D/A
z 1
X(z) H(z) Y(z) H(z)
1 z 1
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
2sin df
12 fs 2 0 fs
f 2
fm fs/2 2 1 m
f
f
2 df
12 fs 2 0 fs
In - band quantization noise :
3
2 2 2 2fm 2
N
2
e 12 fs 3
12 3M3
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
SC Implementation
CI
1 CS 2
Vi
Do
2 1
+VR 1-b
-VR DAC
SC integrator
1-bit ADC simple, ZX detector
1-bit feedback DAC simple, inherently linear
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
Second-Order Modulator
INT1 INT2
D/A
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
1 2
1-bit
1 D/A
Yz 2
z 1 Ez
Xz 2
2 jy
z-plane
z 1 z 1
(2) (2)
Simple, stable, highly-linear x
0 1
Insensitive to component mismatch
Less correlation b/t E(z) and X(z)
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
2L
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
+1
-1
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
Tones
Vi = 0 ...
T
Vi = 0.001 ...
2000*T
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
Tones
Origin the quantization error spectrum of the low-resolution ADC
(1-bit in the previous example) in a modulator is NOT white, but
correlated with the input signal, especially for idle (DC) inputs.
(R. Gray, Spectral analysis of sigma-delta quantization noise)
Approaches to whitening the error spectrum
Dither high-frequency noise added in the loop to randomize the
quantization error. Drawback is that large dither consumes the input
dynamic range.
Multi-level quantization. Needs linear multi-level DAC.
High-order single-loop modulator. Potentially unstable.
Cascaded (MASH) modulator. Sensitive to mismatch.
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
D/A
A/D DNTF
E(z)
Idea: to further quantize E(z) and later subtract out in digital domain
The 2nd quantizer can be a modulator as well
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
2
D/A
INT3
E2(z)
E1(z) Y2(z)
-1
z (1-z-1)2
DNTF
D/A
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
Y2 z z 1E1z 1 z 1 E2 z 1 z 1
2
Yz Y1z Y2 z
2
2
z 3 Xz z 1 1 z 1 E1z z 1 1 z 1 E1z 1 z 1 E2 z
3
z 3 Xz 1 z 1 E2 z
3
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
Integrator Noise
N1 INT1 N2 INT2 E1
2
D/A
N3 INT3 E2
H(z) Y2(z)
INT1 dominates
the overall noise
Delay ignored D/A Performance!
2
2
Y X N1 1 z 1 N2 1 z 1 N3 1 z 1 E1 1 z 1 E2 3
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
References
1. B. E. Boser and B. A. Wooley, JSSC, pp. 1298-1308, issue 6, 1988.
2. B. H. Leung et al., JSSC, pp. 1351-1357, issue 6, 1988.
3. T. C. Leslie and B. Singh, ISCAS, 1990, pp. 372-375.
4. B. P. Brandt and B. A. Wooley, JSSC, pp. 1746-1756, issue 12, 1991.
5. F. Chen and B. H. Leung, JSSC, pp. 453-460, issue 4, 1995.
6. R. T. Baird and T. S. Fiez, TCAS2, pp. 753-762, issue 12, 1995.
7. T. L. Brooks et al., JSSC, pp. 1896-1906, issue 12, 1997.
8. A. K. Ong and B. A. Wooley, JSSC, pp. 1920-1934, issue 12, 1997.
9. S. A. Jantzi, K. W. Martin, and A.S. Sedra, JSSC, pp. 1935-1950, issue 12, 1997.
10. A. Yasuda, H. Tanimoto, and T. Iida, JSSC, pp. 1879-1886, issue 12, 1998.
11. A. R. Feldman, B. E. Boser, and P. R. Gray, JSSC, pp. 1462-1469, issue 10, 1998.
12. H. Tao and J. M. Khoury, JSSC, pp. 1741-1752, issue 12, 1999.
13. E. J. van der Zwan et al., JSSC, pp. 1810-1819, issue 12, 2000.
14. I. Fujimori et al., JSSC, pp. 1820-1828, issue 12, 2000.
15. Y. Geerts, M.S.J. Steyaert, W. Sansen, JSSC, pp. 1829-1840, issue 12, 2000.
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2014
References
16. T. Burger and Q. Huang, JSSC, pp. 1868-1878, issue 12, 2001.
17. K. Vleugels, S. Rabii, and B. A. Wooley, JSSC, pp. 1887-1899, issue 12, 2001.
18. S. K. Gupta and V. Fong, JSSC, pp. 1653-1661, issue 12, 2002.
19. R. Schreier et al., JSSC, pp. 1636-1644, issue 12, 2002.
20. J. Silva et al., CICC, 2002, pp. 183-190.
21. Y.-I. Park et al., CICC, 2003, pp. 115-118.
22. L. J. Breems et al., JSSC, pp. 2152-2160, issue 12, 2004.
23. R. Jiang and T. S. Fiez, JSSC, pp. 63-74, issue 12, 2004.
24. P. Balmelli and Q. Huang, JSSC, pp. 2161-2169, issue 12, 2004.
25. K. Y. Nam et al., CICC, 2004, pp. 515-518.
26. X. Wang et al., CICC, 2004, pp. 523-526.
27. A. Bosi et al., ISSCC, 2005, pp. 174-175.
28. N. Yaghini and D. Johns, ISSCC, 2005, pp. 502-503.
29. G. Mitteregger et al., JSSC, pp. 2641-2649, issue 12, 2006.
30. R. Schreier et al., JSSC, pp. 2632-2640, issue 12, 2006.
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