McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Outline
10.1 Comparing Two Population Means by
Using Independent Samples: Variances
Known
10.2 Comparing Two Population Means by
Using Independent Samples: Variances
Unknown
10.3 Paired Difference Experiments
10.4 Comparing Two Population Proportions by
Using Large, Independent Samples
10.5 Comparing Two Population Variances by
Using Independent Samples
10-2
10.1 Comparing Two Population Means
by Using Independent Samples:
Variances Known
10-7
z-Based Test About the Difference in
Means (Variances Known)
Test the null hypothesis about
H0: 1 2 = D0
D0 = 1 2 is the claimed difference
between the population means
D0 is a number whose value varies
depending on the situation
Often D0 = 0, and the null means that
there is no difference between the
population means
10-8
z-Based Test About the Difference in
Means (Variances Known)
10-9
Test Statistic (Variances Known)
The test statistic is
z
x1 x2 D0
12 22
n1 n2
10-11
z-Based Test About the Difference in
Means (Variances Known) Continued
10-12
Example 10.2: The Bank Customer
Waiting Time Case
H 0 : 1 2 0
H a : 1 2 0
z
x1 x2 D0
8.79 5.14 0 14.21
2
2
4.7
1.9
1
2
n1 n2 100 100
10-13
10.2 Comparing Two Population Means
by Using Independent Samples:
Variances Unknown
10-14
Comparing Two Population Means
Continued
s 2
n1 1s n2 1s
2
1
2
2
n1 n 2 2
p
1 1
x x s
2
p
n1 n2
1 2
10-16
t-Based Confidence Interval for the
Difference in Means (Variances
Unknown)
x1 x2 t 2 s p
2 1 1
n1 n2
s 2
n1 1s
2
1 n2 1s 2
2
n1 n 2 2
p
10-17
Example 10.3: The Catalyst
Comparison Case
n
s2 1
1s1
2
n2 1s 2
2
n1 n 2 2
p
5 1386 5 1484.2
435.1
552
1 1 1 1
x x s 435.1 30.42
2
p
n1 n2 5 5
1 2
10-19
Example 10.4: The Catalyst
Comparison Case
H 0 : 1 2 0
H1 : 1 2 0
t
x1 x2 D0
811 750.2 0
4.6087
1 1 1 1
s
2
435.1
p
n1 n2 5 5
10-20
t-Based Confidence Intervals and Tests
for Differences with Unequal Variances
s12 s22
x1 x2 t/2
n1 n2
t
x1 x2 D0
s12 s22
n1 n2
df
s /n s /n
2
1 1
2
2 2
2
s /n s /n
2
1 1
2 2
2 2
2
n1 1 n2 1
10-21
10.3 Paired Difference Experiments
10-22
Paired Difference Experiments Continued
sd
d t /2
n
d D0
t=
sd / n
10-25
Paired Differences Testing Rules
10-26
Example 10.6 and 10.7: The Repair
Cost Comparison Case
sd .5033
d t/2 .8 2.447 1.2654,.3346
n 7
H o : d 0
H a : d 0
d D0 .8 0
t= 4.2053
sd / n .5033 7
10-27
10.4 Comparing Two Population
Proportions by Using Large,
Independent Samples
Select a random sample of size n1 from a
population, and let p1 denote the proportion
of units in this sample that fall into the
category of interest
Select a random sample of size n2 from
another population, and let p2 denote the
proportion of units in this sample that fall into
the same category of interest
Suppose that n1 and n2 are large enough
n1p1 5, n1(1 - p1) 5, n2p2 5, and n2(1
p2) 5
10-28
Comparing Two Population
Proportions Continued
p1 1 p1 p2 1 p2
p1 p2
n1 n2
10-29
Difference of Two Population
Proportions
p 1 1 p 1 p 2 1 p 2
p 1 p 2 z 2
n1 n2
z=
p 1 p 2 D0
p p
1 2
10-30
Example 10.9 and 10.10: The
Advertising Media Case
p 1 1 p 1 p 2 1 p 2
p 1 p 2 z 2
n 1 n 2
.631.369 .798.202
.631 .798 1.96
1,000 1,000
.2059,.1281
z=
p 1 p 2 D0
p1 p 2 D0
.631 .798 0
p p 1 1 1 1
1 2
p 1 p .71451 .7145
n1 n2 1,000 1,000
z 8.2673
10-31
10.5 Comparing Two Population
Variances Using Independent Samples
Population 1 has variance 12 and population 2 has
variance 22
The null hypothesis H0 is that the variances are the
same
H0: 12 = 22
The alternative is that one is smaller than the other
That population has less variable measurements
Suppose 12 > 22
More usual to normalize
Test H0: 12/22 = 1 vs. 12/22 > 1
10-32
Comparing Two Population Variances
Using Independent Samples Continued
Reject H0 in favor of Ha if s12/s22 is significantly
greater than 1
s12 is the variance of a random of size n1 from a
population with variance 12
s22 is the variance of a random of size n2 from a
population with variance 22
To decide how large s12/s22 must be to reject H0,
describe the sampling distribution of s12/s22
The sampling distribution of s12/s22 is the F
distribution
10-33
F Distribution
H0 :
2
1
2
2
Ha :
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
s 484.2
F 2
2
1.2544
s 1 386
10-36