William Stallings

Computer Organization
and Architecture
8th Edition

Chapter 1
Introduction
What is Science?

The word science comes from the Latin

"scientia," meaning knowledge.
Science is knowledge acquired using
observation and experiments to
describe and explain how things work in
a systematic way.
The systematic study of the structure
and behavior of the physical and natural
world through observation and
experiment.
2
 What is a Computer

An electronic device capable of

executing sequence of operations
based on a set of instructions in a
particular sequence (a program)
and produce result in the form of
information or signals

3
What is Computer Science?

Computer science is the study of computers

Computer science is the study of how to write

computer programs

Computer science is the study of the uses and

applications of computers and software

The study of the principles and use of

computers.

Computer Scientist specializes in the theory of

computation 4 and the design of computational
systems.[1]
Misconceptions

All of these are misconceptions:

Computer science is:
The study of computers
The study of how to write computer programs
The study of the uses and applications of
computers and software
All of these concepts (computers,
programming languages, software
applications, and uses ) are incomplete
and do not cover the entire new and
exciting field, the Computer Science
5
The Definition of Computer Science

Computer science is the

study of algorithms, including:
1. Their formal and mathematical
properties
2.Their hardware realizations
3. Their linguistic realizations
4. Their applications

6
Computer Science is the study of
Algorithms including:
1. Their formal and mathematical
properties
Studying the behavior of
algorithms to see that they are
correct and efficient (Algorithm
Analysis)

2. The development of hardware

Designing and building computer
systems7 to execute the
Computer Science is the study of
Algorithms including:

3. How those programs would

run on computers
Designing programming
languages and translating the
algorithms into these languages
so that they can be executed by
the hardware
4. Designing Software
(Applications)
8

Identifying important problems

Algorithm

An algorithm is
A procedure for solving a
mathematical problem in a finite
number of steps that at times
involves the repetition of some
operation;
a step-bystep method for
accomplishing some task;
9
Chapter 1 Objectives

Computer organization and architecture.

Units of measure common to computer systems.
Computer as a layered system.
Components von Neumann architecture and the
function of basic computer components.

10
1.1 Overview

Why study computer organization and

architecture?
Design better programs, including system
software such as compilers, operating
systems, and device drivers.
Optimize program behavior.
Evaluate (benchmark) computer system
performance.
Understand time, space, and price
tradeoffs.
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 1.1 Overview

Computer architecture
Logical aspects of system as seen by the
programmer.
E.g., instruction sets, instruction formats,
data types, addressing modes.
How do I design a computer?
Computer organization
physical aspects of computer systems.
E.g., circuit design, control signals, memory
types.
How does a computer work?
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Architecture & Organization 1
Architecture is those attributes visible to
the programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
techniques.
e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

Organization is how features are

implemented
Control signals, interfaces, memory
technology.
e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it
done by repeated addition?
Architecture & Organization 2
All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
The IBM System/370 family share the
same basic architecture

This gives code compatibility

At least backwards
Organization differs between different
versions
Structure & Function

Structure is the way in which components

relate to each other

Function is the operation of individual

components as part of the structure
Functions of a Computer

A computer functions are:

Data processing
Data storage
Data movement
Control
Functional View
Operations (a) Data movement
Operations (b) Storage
Operation (c) Processing from/to storage
Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O
 Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure Microprocessor The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory
Outline of the Book (1)
Computer Evolution and Performance
Computer Interconnection Structures
Internal Memory
External Memory
Input/Output
Operating Systems Support
Computer Arithmetic
Instruction Sets
Outline of the Book (2)
CPU Structure and Function
Reduced Instruction Set Computers
Superscalar Processors
Control Unit Operation
Microprogrammed Control
Multiprocessors and Vector Processing
Digital Logic (Appendix)
Internet Resources
- Web site for book
http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA8e.html
links to sites of interest
links to sites for courses that use the book
errata list for book
information on other books by W. Stallings
http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
Math
How-to
Research resources
Misc
Internet Resources
- Web sites to look for
WWW Computer Architecture Home Page
CPU Info Center
Processor Emporium
ACM Special Interest Group on Computer
Architecture
IEEE Technical Committee on Computer
Architecture
Intel Technology Journal
Manufacturers sites
Intel, IBM, etc.
Internet Resources
- Usenet News Groups
comp.arch
comp.arch.arithmetic
comp.arch.storage
comp.parallel