Welcome to China Overview

The lecturer
X Xinwn

Prof. of English with research interest in Cognitive

Linguistics affiliated to School of Languages and
Cultures NUIST PR China
Oversea experience: one-year (2001-2002) visiting
fellow in Australia and one-year(2007-2008) work in
The Bahamas

Office: Wende N409

Landing Phone: 86 25 58695737
Email: 000445@nuist.edu.cn
Mobile: 13913950159
Greeting Chinese

Nho
=Hello/Hi/Good Morning/Morning!

Jindonwhn goxng
=I am very happy/glad to meet you!
=Its so nice to meet you!

China=zhnggu nnjng
Nnsouthjng (capital)

Nnjng xnx gngchng dxe

Population: 1.3 billion
Population distribution
Arable land Per capita: 1.51 acres
 International Comparison of per capita cultivated land

40 35.6
35
30 China
India
25 20.4 France
20 USA
11.8 Russia
15 9.3 Canada
10 Australi
4.2
5 1 2.3
0
The South-to-North Water Diversion Project
The West-to-East Gas Transmission Project
The North-to- South coal transportation project
The West-to-East power transmission with 3 corridors
56 Nationalities
Overall national strength sixth(2006)
2007Economic scale: Second largest economy

Chinas GDP in 1978: 268 billion 300 million USDs and

in 2010, 5 trillion and 879 billion USDs

Over the past 30 years, it has increased by more than

20 times
Division:
Any of China's great achievements, divided by 1 billion 300 million,
will become insignificant.

multiplication
Any small problem in China, multiplied by 1 billion 300 million, will be
a big problem that can not be imagined.

China's per capita GDP is about $3800ranked around 105th in the

world.
In addition, China is still lagging behind in many areas such as health
care, education and the environment. In the case of medical treatment,
China ranked 188th in the fourth ranking of 191 members, according
to WHO's comprehensive assessment of the health financing and
distribution of the member countries.
1.3 billion people need to eat, an average of 1 million 600 thousand pigs
a day , and consume about 1.3 billion kilograms of grain.

1.3 billion people want to live, every day there are 100 thousand tons of
garbage need to be disposed.
 In June 30, 2010, our
navy's sixth batch of
convoys went to
Somalia and Gulf of
Aden to escort
Dongfeng 31A missile
China's fourth generation stealth fighter, -20, had its
first test flight at noon on January 11, 2011
Aviation arrow
Belt and Road Railway
One Belt and One Road
Countries along the Belt and Road
Summary

As Mao Zedong put it (1962)

China has a large population, weak
foundation and backward economy.

And as Deng Xiaoping put it (1979)

China has a large population, less arable
land and weak foundation
China is in and will be in the early stage of
socialism for a long time.
Mao Zedonga large population, weak foundation and
backward economy 1962

Deng Xiaoping A large population, less arable land

and weak foundation (1979)
Five Topics

1. China as a country with Essential info

2. China as a state
2.1 State system
2.2 Government system
2.3 Political Party System and Democratic Parties
3. China as a nation
3.1 General thinking modes
3.2 Chinese characteristics
3.3 Culture in Chinese as a language
4. Chinese Zodiac
5. China since Reform and Opening-up
1. China as a country

Essential info
National Day: Oct.1st 1949
National Flag
National emblem

National anthem: (next

page)
National anthem: March of Volunteers

Arise, ye who refuse to be slaves!

With our flesh and blood, let us build our new Great Wall!
The Chinese nation faces its greatest danger.
From each one the urgent call for action comes forth.
Arise! Arise! Arise!
Millions with but one heart,
Braving the enemy's fire.
March on!
Braving the enemy's fire.
March on! March on! March on!
Made in 1935, when Chinese nations were in time of survival
or extinction beset within wars internally and externally.
September 18th, 1931: Japanese invasion of China

9.18 : a day of shame, a shameful day

August 15th, 1945: surrender of Japan

Briefing history: semi-colonial and semi-feudal society

In Aug. 1842, the Treaty of Nanjing, the 1st unequal treaty

imposed on China by a western power, was signed on board
a British battleship anchored near Nanjing. China was defeated in
the 1st Opium War, and Hong Kong, and Macau were ceded to
Britain.
In Apr.1895, China was defeated in 1st Sino-Japanese War, and
Treaty of Shimonoseki () was signed with Taiwan ceded to
Japan.
In Aug. 1945, Japan declared unconditional surrender, so Taiwan
returned to China.
In 1927-1949, civil wars repeatedly occurred between Kuomintang
and the Communist part. Why Nanjing ()
In 1949Kuomintang lost the civil war, and the leader Chiang
Kaishek fled to Taiwan and since then TW was separated from
Mainland PRC.
On Dec. 19th 1984, Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed
and the sovereignty and government of Hong Kong returned
to China until July 1st 1997.

On Dec. 20th 1999, China resumed the exercise of

sovereignty over Macau.

92 Consensus: One China but present secession

So Chinese sufferings embodied in its National Anthem as
below:

Arise, ye who refuse to be slaves!

With our flesh and blood, let us build our new Great Wall!
The Chinese nation faces its greatest danger.
From each one the urgent call for action comes forth.
Arise! Arise! Arise!
Millions with but one heart,
Braving the enemy's fire.
March on!
Braving the enemy's fire.
March on! March on! March on!
Capital: Beijing

Administrative division:
23 provinces
5 autonomous regions
4 municipalities
2 special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau)


The outline of China is often compared with

that of a rooster, with the northeast as the
head, Taiwan Island as its foot facing
forwards and the northwest as its tail. The
Chinese often use the metaphor of the rooster
to describe their country and Mao Zedong
himself used the line Roosters crow
awakens the dreaming earth in one of his
poems to describe the founding of the
Peoples Republic of China.
PR China
Social institutions:

Socialist system established in 1956

Reform and opening-up since 1978, and then
gradually establish the system of socialism with
Chinese characteristics
Land area: 9.6 million sq. KM with 14 land bordering
countries
Water area: 4.7 million sq. KM with 6 sea bordering
countries
China: one of the 4 countries with ancient civilizations

The 3rd largest national territorial area,

The 1st largest population (1.36782 billion 2014 with the
density of 139.6 per sq. KM),
One of 5 permanent UNSC members,
The 2nd largest world economic community,
The 1st world trading country,
The 1st largest in worlds foreign exchange reserves, steel
producer, agriculture with no 1 gross farm output,
One of the worlds fastest growing economies,
One of the most abundant world cultural heritages, national
humanities attractions, and the world tourism power,
Member of multi-international organizations
Official language: Mandarin Chinese/ putonghua

Country code: CHN

Currency: RMB (including HKD= Hongkong dollar,
MOP=Macau Pataca, and NTD=New Taiwan dollar)
Political system: the Peoples Congress system
The president: Xi Jinping
The Premier of the State Council: Li Keqiang
Major religions: Taoism, Buddhism, Protestantism,
Catholicism, and Islamism/Mohammedanism
GDP: 74.41 billion 2016, average GDP: 5.4 ten thousand
Yuan
Driving: on-the-right
2. China as a State

2.1 State system:

peoples democratic dictatorship (one country two systems
ie. Socialism in Mainland and capitalism in Hong Kong,
Macau, and Taiwan to be returned)
The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China
states that: The National Peoples Congress (NPC) of the
Peoples Republic of China is the highest organ of state
power. Its permanent body is the Standing Committee of
the NPC. The National Peoples Congress and its Standing
Committee exercise the legislative power of the state.
The National Peoples Congress is established through
democratic electionsresponsible to and supervised by the people.

Chinas topographic map and
population scattergram
2.2 Government system
the system of peoples congress
2.3 The Political Party System and Democratic Parties

What parties are there in China?

Whats the interrelation among them on politics?
How can China realize Chinese democracy with its own
features?
The multi-party cooperation and political consultation under
the leadership of the Communist Party of China (hereafter
the multi-party cooperation system) is a basic
political system in China. The multi-party cooperation
system in China differs from the single-party system
practiced in some countries and also fundamentally varies
from the multiparty or two-party system in some Western
countries.=one Party leadership
The multi-party cooperation system means that the
Communist Party of China (CPC) is the only party in power
in the PRC while under the precondition of accepting the
leadership of the CPC the eight other political parties
participate in the discussion and management of state
affairs, in cooperation with the CPC.
The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China states
that:The system of multi-party cooperation and
political consultation under the leadership of the
Communist Party of China will exist and develop for a long
time to come.
Major Forms of the Multi-party Cooperative System

The multi-party cooperation system of China created a new

form of party system in the world and it has its own
prominent characteristics.

A consensus on socialism is the political foundation of the

multi-party cooperation system and forms of cooperation
between the CPC and other parties are diverse, including
participation in the discussion of state affairs, democratic
supervision and holding government and judicial positions.
Participation in the Discussion of State Affairs

Under this mechanism, members of various non-communist

parties take part in the deliberation and implementation of
major policies, laws and regulations of the country, take part
in the consultation on major political issues and the choice of
leaders of the state and take part in the running of state
affairs.

Consultation between the CPC and other political parties

mainly takes the following forms: democratic consultation,
high-level talks, bimonthly meetings and written suggestions
or exchange of views in person.
Democratic Supervision

Democratic supervision means that the non-communist

political parties exercise supervision on the CPC and the
government organs under its leadership, within the
framework of the multi-party cooperation and political
consultation.
Holding Government and Judicial Positions

All the non-communist political parties have their members

holding leading positions in the government and judicial
organs at various levels upon recommendation by the CPC.
Eight Democratic Parties

1. Revolutionary Committee of Kuominntang (RCK)

2.China Democratic League (CDL)
3.China Democratic National Construction
Association(CDNCA)
4.Chinese Peasants and workers Democratic Party (CPWDP)
5. China Association for Promoting Democracy(CAPD)
6. China Zhi Gongdang (CZGD)
7.Jiu San Society (JSS)
8. Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League (TDSL)
 Democratic parties and personages without party affiliation
serve as ministers (2007)

Chen Zhu
Minister of health:
Wang Gang
and technology
Minister of science

The guiding principle of multi-party cooperation is long-
term coexistence and mutual supervision, treating
each other with full sincerity and sharing weal and
woe.

This is the ideological foundation of multi-party

cooperation, helping promote mutual supervision and
political democracy, and also stabilizes and strengthens
the multi-party political system.
The Administration System of China

The Structure of the State in PR China includes:

The National Peoples Congress;
The Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress;
The President of the PR China;
The State Council;
The Central Military Commission;
The Supreme Peoples Count;
The Supreme Peoples Procuratorate;
The Local Peoples Congresses and the Local Peoples
Governments at Various Levels; The Organs of Self-
Government of Ethnic Autonomous Areas
Administration System of Central Government

The National Peoples Congress; The Standing Committee of

the National Peoples Congress;

The President of the Peoples Republic of China;

The State Council;

The Central Military Commission; The Supreme Peoples Count;

The Supreme Peoples Procuratorate.


Administration System of Central
Government

The National Peoples

Congress;
The Standing Committee of the
National Peoples Congress;
The President of the Peoples
Republic of China;
The State Council;
The Central Military Commission;
The Supreme Peoples Count;

The Supreme Peoples

Procuratorate

Diagram of state organs in China
3. China as a nation

56 nationalities :
the Han Chinese account for more than
90 percent of the population
and constitute the worlds
single largest
racial-cultural group.
3.1 Thinking modes: E-C differences in thinking

English Chinese
specific to general general to specific
whole to respective respective to whole
effective to cause cause to effective
Hypotactic oriented Paratactic oriented




The Difference in Thought Patterns

spiral linear

The English-
The oriental people speakers
Who made (A)(B) below, an Englishperson, or a
Chinese speaker? And Why?

(A) (B)
The wind is howling This is a special day, as I
outside and its am on my way with a
pretty cold, but I am very beautiful cake in my
in high spirits. In my hand to the hospital to
hand there is a very congratulate the birth of
beautiful cake and I a new baby. Though the
am on my way to the wind is howling outside
hospital to and its pretty cold, I am
congratulate the birth in high spirits.
of a new baby.
This is a special day.
Typical samples in naming system

Names

Time

Place

Totally upside-down in sequence!

Analysis 1/3

In English, people just place the most

specific or important point first and then
the minor or general ones when necessary
while in Chinese people tend to put general
ideas first and then specific ones (time,
name and address order).
Analysis 2/3

Chinese people begin a narration with

vague or too general ideas and then
gradually make everything clear while
English enjoy putting the main message
directly at the beginning and then follow
them with some other information if
necessary.
Analysis 3/3

In the way of presenting arguments,

Chinese are apt to adopt the inductive
ways to place minor points of the
argument first and then derives the main
point as a conclusion at the end while
English prefer to use the deductive pattern,
in which a topic is introduced at the
beginning and then the minor or supporting
Arguments afterwards.
 So its the mind that matters much!

Language is the road map of a culture. It tells you where its

people come from and where they are going.
Rita Mae Brown

To have another language is to possess a second soul.

Charlemagne

You can never understand one language until you

understand at least two.
Geoffrey Willans
Those who know nothing of foreign languages
know nothing of their own.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
And also, by this we can understand the reason why Chinese
did not put topic sentence or main ideas the moment when
the narration begins until they have presented enough
supporting facts before. They state their positions somewhat
Less extremely as they fear that to do so would Disrupt the
harmony of the group, which westerners will tend to
assume that each has his only important matter in mind and
to achieve their own best advantage would be the best, and
that they will do so, and never care that it should cause a
feeling of disharmony.
Up to now, it might be understandable why the Chinese just
put the countrys name first and the receivers name last on
The envelope as the individual is only part of the whole,
purely conveying theories of the Taoism and Confucianism.
They use the inductive way instead of the deductive one in
argument, for they feel it might be safer not to break the
harmony.
Above is a trial explanation why Chinese and English are so
basically different in their way of conveying ideas, as both
people are thinking in quite inverted ways.
3.2 Chinese characteristics

3.2.1 cohesion
Have U ever heard of Falling leaves
return to their roots?

=people dance
to pray for raining.
Do U know what native placeone of
the items of a Chinese form ---mean?
(Language is the carrier of culture.)
These questions actually contain the concept of family of
the Chinese culture. The saying of Falling leaves
return to their roots means that a person residing
elsewhere should go back to his or her ancestral home
towards his or her end of life.
Native place refers to ones hometown, i.e., the place
where ones ancestors live.

It is said that the Chinese are family- oriented, and family

occupies an important position in the peoples hearts, which
manifests the cohesion of the Chinese culture.
Close personal contacts are established through families.
The family relations include not only the members, like
the father, mother, brothers and sisters, but also all the
relatives, which explains why the Chinese value the
circles of friends and those from the same place (fellow-
townsmen ). This term has broad implications. For
example, it may refer to those from the same county of a
city, those from the same city of a province, those from
the same province of a country, or all the Chinese people
living abroad, as Chinese Association at xxxx for
example. The word fellow-townsmen would bring two
parties close, and a lot of estrangement would thus
disappear.
The Chinese like to address others by using the terms of
relatives such as elder brother gemen in pinyin,
elder sister or uncle and aunt, which also attributes to
the unique position of family in their hearts, and such forms
Of address sound close.
The Chinese are deeply attached to their homes. Unless
constrained by livelihood, they are usually reluctant to leave
their homes, hence the saying It is hard to leave ones
land. Therefore, many overseas Chinese wish to return to
their motherland in their remaining years to have a look at
their hometowns.
Another account for it is family reunion at Spring
Festival.
3.2 Chinese characteristics

3.2.2 Tolerance/inclusiveness

The United States is called a big melting pot, for it is made

up of immigrants from many countries, which have brought
the characters and culture of their own land. America is also
depicted as a salad bowl, owing to the fact that its cultural
backgrounds of various races have not become an
integrated whole. This is different from the tolerance of the
Chinese culture.
 China has 56 nationalities, each of which has its own
characteristics, which influence each other, forming the
various and colorful Chinese culture. For example, each
nationality has its own festivals, but all the Chinese
celebrate a common grand festivalthe Spring Festival.
The Chinese culture not only contains the culture of various
nationalities, but also absorbs and borrows foreign culture.
China is a tolerant country.
Religions

Buddhism, Islamism and Christianity were spread to

China at different times, which, instead of being banned,
had been integrated with the Chinese culture. For example,
Buddhism had been integrated with the traditional Chinese
culture after being spread to China from India, forming the
Chinese Buddhism, different from the Indian one.
Chinas reform and opening to the outside world has
promoted its economic and cultural exchanges with
foreign countries. At present, China has absorbed and
borrowed much foreign culture, and, instead of
indiscriminate imitation, China has sinicized and localized
a lot of the foreign culture. Take language translation as
an example. Internet is put into in Chinese,
and WWW(World Wide Web), taking both the
English pronunciation and Chinese habits into
consideration, while keeping the original meanings of the
words.
And many abbr English words appear in medium in China
like, WMO, WTO, WHO, TV, IT, and APEC etc.
 Therefore, you will probably meet many things that seem to
be familiar when operating enterprises in China, but they
have been changed under the influence of the Chinese
culture. This is probably what we usually call the cultural
trap.
3.2 Chinese characteristics

3.2.3 Diversification

Although the Chinese culture is an integrated whole, there

lie great differences between the regional culture and the
culture of various nationalities in China, owing to its broad
territory and a great number of nationalities.
The Chinese people are usually divided into southerners and
northerners along the boundary of the Qinling Mountains
and Huaihe River, and they are differentin characters in a
way. Generally, the northerners are simple, honest and
frank, valuing friendship, while the southerners are
meticulous and gentle, good at doing business.
Northwest Areas

North Area

South Areas
If we divide the southerners and northerners
into smaller groups according to their regions,
we may find that they also have different
characters. For example,
people from northeast China are unrestrained and
frank;
Shanghai people, smart;
Beijing people, practical;
Tianjinese, honest and tolerant;
Shanxi people, hardworking and frugal, and are tolerant
of hardships; and
Cantonese, outgoing, and value material gains.
In fact, however, there exist great differences in the
behavior of the people of the same region, owing to their
various cultural backgrounds.
The Beijing businesspersons used to be divided into three
groups: The first are those returning to China after
studying abroad, who are more embodied with foreign
culture; the second are represented by those doing
business in the Zhongguancun Area or the customers of
the area, most of whom have experienced the hardships
of starting their undertakings, and are therefore
pragmatic; and the third, the leaders of the state-owned
enterprises, who are deeply influenced by the traditional
Chinese culture.
Therefore, you should not always follow the same mode
when dealing with the Chinese. As the Chinese saying goes,
know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a
hundred battles with no danger of defeat, one should know
both himself and his counterpart to win each battle.
All that have been talked of the Chinese characteristic are all
my personal opinion with some restricted sources, just for
your reference when you communicate with the Chinese
people.
3.3 Cultures in Chinese as a language
Chinese: Holistic VS English: Analytic

(j)(gngj)=cock(mj)=hen

ch (kch)=truck, (qch)= automobile

(jioch)=car, (zxngch)=bicycle
(mtuch)= motorcycle

(yu) (yyu) ryu) snyu

January, February,March

(xngq)(xngqy)= Monday,
(xngqr)=Tuesday
(xngqsn)=Wendsday

8 Regional Dialects
Regional Chinese and Mandarin Chinese
UN working language
Sound system:
26 Alphabets and 3 elements as Initials and Finals, and 4
Tones
Initial: the counterpart in English is consonant like [d] [s]
[b] [s]

Finals: the counterpart in Chinese is vowel like [ei] [e]

[i:]

English has stress sound while Chinese has tones(4) like

(ho)h is an Initial and o is a final, a falling
and rising tone.
The 4 tones are
like b
like b
like b
like b.
nhohunyngn
=Hello/Hi/Good Morning/Morning, everyone,
welcome!
Jindonwhn goxng
=I am very happy/glad to meet you!
=Its so nice to meet you!
China=zhnggu nnjng
Monosyllable and mostly multi-syllable in E; and
monosyllable in Chinese words.

Form varieties resulting from rules and grammars

of word-phrase-sentence formation.

E is sound-writing system; C is word-writing

System. So the way we learn English differs
greatly from that you learn Chinese.
Any language contains such two systems,
namely SOUND system and FORM system.

Sound writing v.s word writing

E is a sound writing system but

Chinese is a word writing system.
Form system: Culture in Chinese words

Letters like Aa, Bb,Cc, form English

words, while strokes like

constitute Chinese characters.
Strokes of Chinese as pictured as:
Four formations of C characters

Pictographs
Indicatives
Ideativesassociative compound characters
HarmonicsIdea-sound characters:
Exemplfications

Pictographs:
r=sun; yu=moon/month;
shn=hill/mountain;
rn=person/people;ku=mouth m=eye y=rain
Indicatives: rn m=tree/wood; timbering; (Br.)
timber; (Am.) lumber y=one r=two
sn=three

rain flower tree timer person vehicle horse sun grass fish goal dog
hill stream
Ideatives/associative compound characters

xi=rest;
mng=bright; ln=wood;
sn=forest ci=pick
kn=look/watch/see;
xn=faith/trust; li=tear;
mi=extinguish; fn=distribute;

 water fire vehicle

1.
3.

2.
Harmonics/Idea-sound characters:

png=comment; g=song;
chng= sing w=fog
xing=think yun=garden,
orchard, or vineyard or a place for
public recreation
mn=melancholy, depressed,bored;
in low spirits h=drink;
k=thirsty
A Glimpse of C Grammar

No suffix for plurals

No gender markers
No verb change for tense
No s-o difference for personal pronouns
Words are monosyllabic
Modifiers proceed the modified
Example: sequence in expression

I got up at 6:00 this morning.

The order in Chinese: I this morning at 6:00 got up.
Its sound:w jntin zochn lidin
q chung; but its form in characters:
//
(different calligraphy)
alphobets

A Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff G Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr
Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
V
Shengmu list=initials

bpmfd
tnlgk
h j q x zh
ch sh r z
c
syw
Yunmu list=finals

aoeiu
ai ei ui ao
ou iu ie e er
an en in un
ang
eng ing ong
English words are explosive and
productive--words produce words.
Whats in English WORDS
unlikeness

likewise unlikely
unlike
unlikeliness
alike
likely
dislike LIKE

likelihood

liking
likeable unlikelihood

Websites for your taste

www.hanyu.com.cn (learn Mandarin)

Chinaculture.org
//cn.beijing2008.cn(official website of the Beijing 2008
Olympic games)
www.xinhuanet.com
www.chinareligion.cn
http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk
Language is the carrier of culture.
What does Goodbye mean?
 3.4 One more example for The Chinese thought pattern

Sample analysis
Because most of our production is done in China
now, and it is not really certain how the
government will react the run up to 1977, and
since I think a certain amount of caution in
communication to TV advertisement is necessary
Because of the expenses, so I suggest that we
delay making our decision until after Legco makes
its decision.
Contrasted to English

I suggest that we delay making our decision until after

Legco makes its decision. That is because I think a certain
amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is
Necessary because of its expenses. In addition to that,
most of our production is done in China now, and it is not
really certain how the government will react in the run up to
1997.
Contrasted to the western thought pattern, which
emphasizes individualism, rationalism and
Egalitarianism and accordingly results in the change in
their language system with the characteristic of brevity,
clarity and sincerity, the Chinese thought pattern is
Mainly dominated by Buddhism, Taoism and
Confucianism. All these three schools of philosophy share
one feature, that is, they unexceptionally emphasize the
importance of collectivity instead of individualism, the
harmony of the whole group instead of the individuals own
existence and the implicitness instead of clarity. When it is
demonstrated in language, Chinese language has the
current characteristic of complication, vagueness and
hierarchy.
Further explanation
The essence of both the Taoism and Confucianism is that
individuals are only part of the universe, and the man should
always try his best to keep himself well fitting into the
harmony of the universe. That is why Chinese, and maybe
people of the most Asian countries, tend to be more aware
of the connections they have as members of their social
groups, and therefore, they tend to be more conscious of
the consequences of their actions on their members of their
groups. This is a sharp contrast to that of the westerners,
and especially Americans, who tend to emphasize their
independence, which leads them to be more concerned
about their own freedom of activity than their connections to
other members of their group.
 4. Chinese Zodiac

The Chinese Zodiac is a twelve-year cycle. It started from

Buddhism. According to the story, Buddha called all the
animals of China to his bedside, but only twelve animals
came. Because he wanted to honor the animals for their
devotion, he created a year for each animal. The twelve
animals that appeared were the rat, ox, tiger, hare (rabbit),
dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig.
Each animal has its own special characteristics. Many people
believe that these characteristics affect events that happen
during the year. In addition, some people believe that people
born in a certain year will have qualities of that year's animal.
Animal Dates Characteristics
1948, 1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008
Rat charming, bright, creative, thrifty

Ox steadfast, dependable, methodical

1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, 2009

Tiger 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2010 dynamic, warm, sincere, a leader

1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999, 2011

Hare/Rabbit humble, artistic, clear-sighted

Dragon
1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000, 2012 flamboyant, lucky, imaginative

Snake
1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2013
discreet, refined, intelligent

Horse 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002, 2014

social, competitive, stubborn
Animal Dates Characteristics
1955, 1967, 1979, 1991, 2003, 2015
Sheep
artistic, fastidious, indecisive

Monkey 1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2016

witty, popular, good-humored versatile

1957, 1969, 1981, 1993, 2005, 2017

Rooster aggressive, alert, perfectionist

1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006, 2018 honest, conservative, sympathetic, loyal
Dog

Pig 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995, 2007, 2019 caring, industrious, home-loving

Which animal year

were YOU born?
5. China since Reform and Opening-up to the outside
World

5.1 Necessity
5.2 Goals
5.3 Chinas Rural Reform
5.4 Other Reform in CHN
5.5 Achievements
5.1 Necessity
From 1949 to 1978, CHN practiced the
centralization of economic policy and a strict
planning economic system, overstressing the
self-reliance and self sufficiency policy and
isolation from outside world in a quite long time,
and stressing giving priority to the development
of heavy industry and was neglectful of agriculture
and light industry. This resulted in serious
disproportionate development of various sectors
of national economy while heavy industry itself
failed to grow as anticipated.
The old economic structure, the economic
policy, the management system, the old pattern
of development, the policy closed door to the
rest of the world did not correspond to the new
condition both inside CHN and internationally.
So the reform and opening is a vital and
pressing task in order to overcome the
structural crisis and the outdate management
system as well running mechanism to become
competitive with the other developing countries.
5.2 Goals of RO (reform and opening to the outside world)

In 1978, CHN made a strategic and important decision to

carry out the RO policy.
RO in CHN does not mean a change of socialist system but
its improvement and development. The reform is necessary
to eliminate the disadvantages of highly centralized
economic system and to establish at a preliminary level a
new system that combines a planned economy and market
force. The aims are to increase production, all-round social
progress and improve living standard.
And to enable CHN to learn from the strong points
of other countries,
to make up its deficiencies,
to import foreign funds and technology and
advanced management expertise,
to bring into full play Chinas advantages,
and to increase the competitiveness of Chinese
products in the world market.
5.3 Chinas Rural Reform
The RO policy was firstly carried out in Chinas
countryside in 1978.
A. The fundamental problem
Agriculture is the foundation of CHNs economic
development, social stability and self-reliance. In the
final analysis, rural problems are fundamental
problems addressed by the Chinese revolution and
subsequent the construction.
Without the stability and development in the countryside,
there can never be social stability and progress.
Unless the peasants are relatively well off, the nation
as a whole cannot prosper.
Without the modernization of the agricultural sector, the
rest of the national economy cannot modernize.
 During the past 50 years and more, the
Chinese people have fought to end the
backwardness in agriculture. Agriculture
production has expanded rapidly as
fundamental changes have taken place in the
rural economy, especially since 1979 when
rural reforms were introduced. These
achievements have attracted worldwide
attention.
18 Peasants signed with finger prints for break-uping the
land to individual households
B. Several Stages in Agriculture Development

CHNs agricultural production has gone through ups and

downs in the 5 decades after 1949.
a) Land reform
From 1950 to 1952, CHNs agri. production was equal to the
highest level of output reached prior to the founding of the
PRC (1949). The success was achieved mainly because of
the land reform, during which several million hectares of
land owned by landlords were taken over and redistributed
to 3000 million peasants, accounting for over 75% of the
Chinese population, with very little or no land at all. The
majority of farm got their own land, worked for themselves
the first time in Chinese history and spirited their
enthusiasm for work.
b) The Collective Period
From 1953 to 1957, CHNs agri. production also showed an
overall increase, as peasants developed mutual-aid teams
and helped each other in busy seasons with labor and tools.

Later these teams became permanent cooperatives.

Collective agri. proved to be a good way to promote
production, carry out water conservancy projects, resist
natural disasters, buy machinery, and introduce new
technology. During the period, the average annual increase
in total output value of agri. Was 8%.
c) Peoples Commune
From 1958 to 1962 agricultural production suffered setbacks
because of the rash move of the Great Leap Forward. During
those 5years, the cooperatives were combined into Peoples
Communes with a higher degree of public ownership. The
commune served as both an agricultural management
organization and an organ of state power. Under the
commune were the production brigade and the production
team. Management, administration, and allocation of labor
force as well as products were highly centralizaed under the
commune system.
The commune members no longer owned land
individually; instead, such household was
permitted to have a small private plot to grow
vegetables for family use. All trade markets in
rural areas were eliminated. And the commune
did not permit the peasants to sell the agricultural
sideline products even vegetables produced by
themselves.
The communes were intended to prove
efficiency by moving farm families into
dormitories feeding them in communal halls.
The members of the commune got almost the
same pay without considering their work
quality. The policies dampened the peasants
enthusiasm for work.
In 1982, the peoples commune system was
abolished, and the function of the commune as an
organ of state power was performed by the
ownership government, and the economic
management functions were replaced by
cooperative or private economic organizations.
c. Policies and Measures for Rural Reform
The main measures taken by government are as follows:
To develop a household contract responsibility system
on the basis of public ownership.
To restore family plots and to resume household
sideline products and encourage peasants to produce
as much as possible grain and sideline production.
To develop and protect local market trade.
To raise the purchasing price for farm products and
sideline products.
To promote democracy in rural areas.
The household contract responsibility system means that
each peasant household contracts a certain amount of land
and has to deliver a set amount of grain to the state as
agricultural tax and a certain amount of to the collective as
common accumulation funds. Surplus of farm produce
belongs to the household and can be sold at a market price.
It implies that each household income is linked to its output
and gives peasants greater power to make production
management, sale, and budgeting decision, turning them
into independent commodity producers. This system takes
into consideration the interests of the state, the collective
and the individuals. So these systems are welcome by
peasants. By 1985, 95% of the peasant households had
contracted their land.
By 1984 Chinas grain output topped 400 million tons for the
first time, an increase of 33% over that of 1978.
By 1998 Chinese grain production topped 510 million tons,
or an increase of over 4 times from 110 million tons in 1949,
going a long way towards solving previous problems of
chronic insufficiency in supply of grain. It basically solved
food problems for Chinas 1.2 billion populations,
meanwhile, the proportion of Chinas grain output in the
worlds total increased from 17 per cent to 25 per cent.
At present, China leads the world in the output of
grain, cotton, oil plants, fruit, meat, eggs, aquatic
products and vegetables.
And the average per capita amount of grain,
meat, eggs and aquatic products exceeds the
world level in a state of hunger or semi starvation,
and has created the miracle of supporting 22 per
cent of the total population of the world on only 7
per cent of the worlds total cultivated land.
The total output of grains is expected to hit 660
million tons in the year 2020 and reach 750
million in the year 2030. That is equal to the total
demand. If break through were made in
technology of grain planting, the output of grains
could exceed that goal for modernization.
5.4 The other reforms in CHN
A. State-own Enterprises (SOE)
In the past 50 years, the state-owned enterprises or public
ownership were dominant sector of the national economy.
Before 1978, State-own and collective-own enterprises
represented 77.6 and 22.4 percent respectively of CHNs
exclusively public-ownership economy.
But under the centralization of economic policy decision and
a strict planning economic system, SOE without enough
power could not fully play their roles in production plan;
market, as well as welfares, even payment for employees
and every decision in SOE would be made by the
government.
It is very important to reform the state-owned
enterprises running system and to invigorate
these enterprises by giving them greater decision
making power. Enterprises can base production
and business operation on both state targets and
market demand. Much more needs to be done in
enterprise reform to raise labor productivity and
improve economic results. Enterprises should be
more receptive to change in the marketplace and
adapt their operations accordingly.
Enterprises reform in CHN began with autonomy in 1979,
and the government issued five regulations for expanded
autonomy. Among them the most important is the second
regulation, The Regulation on Profit Retention of SOEs,
admitting to use the retained profit as the production
development fund, the welfare fund and bonus fund for
staff and workers.
In 1981, economic responsibility system following the
agricultural responsibility system were introduced into
SOEs sector.
Through the reform the enterprises become more relatively
independent commodity manufactures and going concerns of
their business and market while those losing money may be
either annexed or forced out of business. Managers should
assume more responsibility for successes and failures;
operations should be run more democratically and the
system of personal responsibility should be improved. There
should be less interference from the government and
mandatory state plans should be reduced to let the market
play a more important role than before.
B. Distribution System
To take the system of distribution according to
work as the main method of allocating income,
while complementing it with other forms of
distribution, and eliminate the iron rice bowl as
well as the same pay for different work equality or
same meal for every body. The Chinese
government advocate and encouraged some areas
and people to become rich before others in the
hope that they will help the less prosperous
regions, with the aim of gradually achieving
common prosperity.
C. Promoting Private Business
To encourage the appropriate growth of non-
public ownership, CHN formulates a series of
laws to guarantee speedy development of
private enterprises, while maintaining public
ownership as dominant sector of national
economy.
D. Setting up Foreign and Joint Ventures

Chinese government encourages to set up the foreign

founded enterprises and joint ventures. That not only
has brought about advanced technologies and
management enterprise to their domestic partners and
promoting technical upgrading of national industries,
but also has put more pressure on the state-owned
enterprises and forced them to compete with their
counterparts and sharpened their edge to the world
market.
The policy of RO has given extensive scope to the
common development of various economic
sectors. Individual and private industrial
enterprises with foreign, HK, Macao or Taiwan
investment have mushroomed. By 2004, the
state-owned and state stock-holding enterprises
accounted for 42.4 percent, collectively-owned
enterprises 5.3 percent, the rest taken up by
other non-public enterprises. The private
enterprises along provided 50 percent of
employment of entire society.
5.5 Achievements Made by RO
The RO policy suits CHNs conditions and is in the
fundamental interests of the Chinese people. It
has propelled the growth of CHNs productive
force. In the past three decades, Chinese RO
made remarkable achievements and greatly
enhanced the national overall strength.
A. Opening to the Outside World

In 1978, the Chinese government decided to

grant the coastal Guangdong and Fujian Provinces
preferential policy and measures for their
economic activities. One year later, the country
set up special economic zones in Shenzhen,
Zhuhai and Xiamen.
Since then, 14 coastal and Pearl River delta cities
opened to overseas investors. To date (Sept.,
2007, the year of the recourse book got
published), CHN has opened more than 1200
counties and cities and over 220 ports to overseas
visitors and investors. Over 5000 Chinese
enterprises have set up companies and branches
in over 140 countries and regions. Over 4.00 out
of 500 top multinational companies in the world
have invested in CHN.
By the end of 1997, for every 100 families, there
were 100.48 color TV sets, 72.98 refrigerators,
165 electric fans, 90 washing machines. AN
increasing proportion of ordinary families are
requiring computers, mobile phones, AC, personal
cars, and other consumer objects that would
never have entered their wildest dreams 3
decades ago.
Housing is expanding rapidly. Living space per
capita in urban areas soared from 3.6 square
meters to 15 square meters, and from 8.1 to 35 in
rural areas between 1978 and 2004. Similarly
dramatic changes have taken place in almost
every aspects of life, including transportation,
communication, education, medical care and
pensions.
F. Industry and Science

Between 1978-2004, CHNs industries grew over 10 per cent

a year on the average. By 2004 aerospace, aviation,
microelectronics, telecommunications equipment, new
materials and automobile manufacturing, shipbuilding etc.
have made considerable progress over the past 30 years
and become increasingly competitive on the global market
and the nations pillar industries. Grain, cotton, meat, steel,
cement, chemical fertilizer, fruit, rapeseed, coal, cloth,
household electronic apparatus, mobile phone, other
industrial and agricultural products all ranked ist in the world
in 2004.
By 2004 CHN launched more than 70 space
satellites, returning satellites and intercontinental
carrier rockets and has made important
discoveries in the fields of biology, aviation,
information, laser, energy and new materials etc.
By the end of 2004, the total length of highway
open to traffic: 1.87million km, ranking 1st.

Recent-years national key projects:

West to East Electricity Transmission
West to East Gas Transmission
South to North Water Diversion
Three Gorges Project
Qinghai-Tibet Railway
.
Through 30 years development, the gap between
CHN and the major developed nations on
economic strength is gradually decreasing.
In the early 21st century, the gap in high-tech
research between has visibly shrunk. The atomic
energy, space, high-energy physics, biology, and
computer and info. Tech, have reached or are
close to the world advanced level. The Shenzhou
VI manned spacecraft was launched and the Moon
Probe Project succeeded.
G. Development Strategy
The strategic plan worked out in 1980 for CHNs economic
development involves three steps.
1st: to double GDP of 1980s and solve the problem of food
and clothing in 10 years.
2nd: to double it again by the end of the 20th century thus
enabling people to lead a fair comfortable life. The goals for
the two steps were largely fulfilled 2 years ahead of
schedule in 1998.
3rd: to reach the per capita GNP level of moderately
developed countries by the mid-21st century.
 High-speed rail

rocket

uclear submarine

Shenzhou 9 spacecraft
Summary
Chinas 30 years of RO has strengthened its
ties with the world economy and has greatly
elevated its status in the world. It has
transformed a centralized economy into an
increasingly market-oriented system, which is
emerging as a global force as it integrates with
the international community.
Thank You!