Ch1 Oop Concepts

OOP Concepts
I ntroduction to Program m ing 2

Topics
Object-Oriented Concepts
Java Program Structure

2
Object-Oriented Design
Focuses on object and classes based on real world scenarios
Emphasizes state, behavior and interaction of objects
Advantages:

Faster development
Increased quality
Easier maintenance
Enhanced modifiability
Increase software reuse
Class
Allows you to define new data types
Blueprint
3
Object
An entity that has a state, behavior and identity with a well-defined
role in problem space
An actual instance of a class

Created everytime you instantiate a class using the new keyword.
Student registration system example
Attribute
Data element of an object
Stores information about the object
A.K.A. Data member, instance variable, property, data field
4
Method
Describes the behavior of an object
Also called a function or a procedure

Constructor
Method-like
For creating and initializing a new object
Not members of an object
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Package
Grouping of classes and/or subpackages
Analogous to a directory

Encapsulation
Principle of hiding design or implementation information not relevant
to the current object
Abstraction
Ignoring aspects of a subject not relevant to the current purpose to
focus on those that are
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Inheritance
Relationship between classes wherein one class is the superclass or
the parent class of another
Refers to the properties and behaviors received from an ancestor

Also know as a "is-a" relationship
SuperHero
FlyingSuperHero UnderwaterSuperHero
7
Polymorphism
"poly" means many while "morph" means form
Ability of an object to assume may different forms

Interface
Contract in the form of a collection of method and constant
declarations
Implementing class promises to follow the contract.
8
Java Program Structure:
Declaring Classes
Syntax
<classDeclaration> ::=
<modifier> class <name> {
<attributeDeclaration>*

<constructorDeclaration>*
<methodDeclaration>*
}
where
Modifier
Refers to an access modifier or other types of modifiers
Name
Is an identifier for the name of the class
9
Declaring Classes
1 class SuperHero {
2 String superPowers[];
3 void setSuperPowers(String superPowers[]) {
4 this.superPowers = superPowers;

5 }
6 void printSuperPowers() {
7 for (int i = 0; i < superPowers.length; i++) {
8 System.out.println(superPowers[i]);
9 }
10 }
11 }
10
Declaring Attributes
Syntax:
<attributeDeclaration> ::=
<modifier> <type> <name> [= <default_value>];

<type> ::=
byte | short | int | long | char | float | double
| boolean | <class>
11
Declaring Attributes
1 public class AttributeDemo {
2 private String studNum;
3 public boolean graduating = false;
4 protected float unitsTaken = 0.0f;

5 String college;
6 }
12
Declaring Methods
Syntax:
<methodDeclaration> ::=
<modifier> <returnType> <name>(<parameter>*) {
<statement>*

}
<parameter> ::=
<parameter_type> <parameter_name>[,]
13
Declaring Methods
1 class MethodDemo {
2 int data;
3 int getData() {
4 return data;

5 }
6 void setData(int data) {
7 this.data = data;
8 }
9 void setMaxData(int data1, int data2) {
10 data = (data1>data2)? data1 : data2;
11 }
12 } 14
Declaring a Constructor
Syntax:
<constructorDeclaration> ::=
<modifier> <className> (<parameter>*) {
<statement>*

}
where
Modifier
Can be any access modifier but not other types of modifiers.
Default constructor
No arguments
Empty body 15
Declaring a Constructor
1 class ConstructorDemo {
2 private int data;
3 public ConstructorDemo() {
4 data = 100;

5 }
6 ConstructorDemo(int data) {
7 this.data = data;
8 }
9 }
16
Instantiating a Class
Syntax:
new <constructorName>(<parameters>)
Example:

1 class ConstructObj {
2 int data;
3 ConstructObj() {
4 /* initialize data */
5 }
6 public static void main(String args[]) {
7 ConstructObj obj = new ConstructObj();
8 } 17
9 }
Accessing Object Members
Dot notation:
<object>.<member>

Some examples:
String myString = new String(My String);
//Access length method
System.out.println(Length: + myString.length());
int intArr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

//Access length attribute
System.out.println(Length: + intArr.length);
18
Accessing Object Members
1 class ConstructObj {
2 int data;
3 ConstructObj() {
4 /* initialize data */
5 }
6 void setData(int data) {
7 this.data = data;
8 }
10 ConstructObj obj = new ConstructObj();
11 obj.setData = 10; //access setData()
12 System.out.println(obj.data); //access data
13 }
14 } I ntroduction to Program m ing 2 19
Packages
Syntax for indicating that the code belongs to a package:
<packageDeclaration> ::=
package <packageName>;

Syntax for importing other packages:
<importDeclaration> ::=
import <packageName.elementAccessed>;
Source code format:

[<packageDeclaration>]
<importDeclaration>*
<classDeclaration>+ 20
Packages
1 package registration.reports;
2 import registration.processing.*;
3 import java.util.List;
4 import java.lang.*; //imported by default

5 class MyClass {
6 /* details of MyClass */
7 }
21
The Access Modifiers

22
Encapsulation
Hide members by making them private
Example
1 class Encapsulation {
2 private int secret;
3 public boolean setSecret(int secret) {
4 if (secret < 1 || secret > 100)
5 return false;
6 this.secret = secret;
7 return true;
8 }
9 public getSecret() {
10 return secret;
11 }
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12 }
Inheritance
Creating a child class or a subclass:
Use extends in declaring the class
Syntax:
class <childClassName> extends <parentClassName>

A class can only extend one parent class
24
Inheritance
1 import java.awt.*;
2
3 class Point {
4 int x;

5 int y;
6 }
7
8 class ColoredPoint extends Point {

9 Color color;
10 }
25
Overriding Methods
Subclass defines a method whose signature is identical to a
method
in the superclass
Signature of a method

Information found in the method header definition
Return type
Method name
Parameter list of the method
Different from method overloading!
26
Overriding Methods
1 class Superclass {
2 void display(int n) {
3 System.out.println("super: " + n);
4 }

5 }
6
7 class Subclass extends Superclass {

8 void display(int k) {
9 System.out.println("sub: " + k);
10 }
11 }
12
27
13 // continued...
Overriding Methods
14 class OverrideDemo {
16 Subclass SubObj = new Subclass();
17 Superclass SuperObj = SubObj;

18 SubObj.display(3);
19 ((Superclass)SubObj).display(4);
20 }
21 }
28
Overriding Methods
Version of method called
Based on actual data type of the object that invoked the method
Access modifier for the methods need not be the same

Access modifier of the overriding method
Same access modifier as that of the overridden method
Less restrictive access modifier
29
Overriding Methods
1 class Superclass {
2 void overriddenMethod() {
3 }
4 }

5 class Subclass1 extends Superclass {
6 public void overriddenMethod() {
7 }
8 }
11 }
12 }
30
13 //continued...
Overriding Methods
14 /* class Superclass {
16 }
17 } */

19 protected void overriddenMethod() {
20 }
21 }
23 private void overriddenMethod() {
24 }
25 }
31
Abstract Classes and Methods
Syntax:
abstract <modifier> <returnType> <name>
(<parameter>*);

Class containing an abstract method should be declared
abstract
abstract class <name> {
/* constructors, fields and methods */
}
32
abstract keyword is not for:
Constructor
static method

abstract classes cannot be instantiated
Classes that extends an abstract class:

Should implement all abstract methods
Otherwise, the subclass itself should be declared abstract
33
1 abstract class SuperHero {
2 String superPowers[];
3 void setSuperPowers(String superPowers[]) {
4 this.superPowers = superPowers;
}

5
6 void printSuperPowers() {
7 for (int i = 0; i < superPowers.length; i++) {
8 System.out.println(superPowers[i]);
9 }
10 }
11 abstract void displayPower();
12 }
34
13 //continued...
1 class FlyingSuperHero extends SuperHero {
2 void displayPower() {
3 System.out.println("Fly...");
4 }
}

5
7 class Spiderman extends SuperHero {

8 void displayPower() {
9 System.out.println("Communicate with sea" +
10 " creatures...");
11 System.out.println("Fast swimming ability...");
12 }
35
13 }
Interface
Syntax:
<interfaceDeclaration> ::=
<modifier> interface <name> {
<attributeDeclaration>*

[<modifier> <returnType> <name>
(<parameter>*);]*
}
Members are public when the interface is declared public
36
Interface
Interface attributes:
Implicitly static and final
Must be initialized

Modifiers:
Access modifiers: public, package
Must be initialized
Implementing an interface:
Use implements keyword
Should implement all the interfaces methods
A class can implement several interfaces 37
Interface
1 interface MyInterface {
2 void iMethod();
3 }
4

5 class MyClass1 implements MyInterface {
6 public void iMethod() {
7 System.out.println("Interface method.");
8 }
9 void myMethod() {
10 System.out.println("Another method.");
11 }
12 }
38
13 //continued...
14
Interface
class MyClass2 implements MyInterface {
15 public void iMethod() {
16 System.out.println("Another implementation.");
17 }
18 }
19 class InterfaceDemo {
21 MyClass1 mc1 = new MyClass1();
22 MyClass2 mc2 = new MyClass2();
23 mc1.iMethod();
24 mc1.myMethod();
25 mc2.iMethod();
26 }
The this Keyword
Why this?
1. Disambiguate local attribute from a local variable
2. Refer to the object that invoked the non-static method
3. Refer to other constructors

40
The this Keyword
Disambiguate local attribute from a local variable
1 class ThisDemo1 {
2 int data;
3 void method(int data) {

4 this.data = data;
5 /*
6 this.data refers to the attribute
7 while data refers to the local variable
8 */
9 }
10 }
41
The this Keyword
Refer to the object that invoked the non-static method
1 class ThisDemo2 {
2 int data;
3 void method() {

4 System.out.println(data); //this.data
5 }
6 void method2() {
7 method(); //this.method();
8 }
9 }
42
The this Keyword
Method Overloading
Different methods within a class sharing the same name
Parameter lists should differ
Number of parameters

Type of parameters
Constructors can also be overloaded
An example:
class MyClass {
void myMeth() {}
void myMeth(int i) {}
void myMeth(int i, int j) {}
}
43
The this Keyword
Refer to other constructors
1 class ThisDemo3 {
2 int data;
3 ThisDemo3() {

4 this(100);
5 }
6 ThisDemo3(int data) {
7 this.data = data;
8 }
9 }
44
Call to this() should be the first statement in constructor
The super Keyword
Related to inheritance
Invoke superclass constructors
Can be used like the this keyword to refer to members of the
superclass
Calling superclass constructors

1 class Person {
2 String firstName;
3 String lastName;
4 Person(String fname, String lname) {
5 firstName = fname;
6 lastName = lname;
7 }
The super Keyword
9 //continuation...
10 class Student extends Person {
11 String studNum;
12 Student(String fname, String lname, String sNum) {

13 super(fname, lname);
14 studNum = sNum;
15 }
16 }
super()
Refers to the immediate superclass
Should be first statement in the subclasss constructor 46
The super Keyword
Referring to superclass members
1 class Superclass{
2 int a;
3 void display_a(){

4 System.out.println("a = " + a);
5 }
6 }
7
8 //continued...
47
The super Keyword
9 class Subclass extends Superclass {
10 int a;
11 void display_a(){
12 System.out.println("a = " + a);

13 }
14 void set_super_a(int n){
15 super.a = n;
16 }
17 void display_super_a(){
18 super.display_a();
19 }
20 }
48
The super Keyword
21 class SuperDemo {
22 public static void main(String args[]){
23 Superclass SuperObj = new Superclass();
24 Subclass SubObj = new Subclass();

25 SuperObj.a = 1;
26 SubObj.a = 2;
27 SubObj.set_super_a(3);
28 SuperObj.display_a();
29 SubObj.display_a();
30 SubObj.display_super_a();
31 System.out.println(SubObj.a);
32 }
49
33 }
The static Keyword
Applied to members of a class:
Attributes
Methods
Inner classes
Allows accessing of static or class members without

instantiation
Class variables
Behave like a global variable
Can be accessed by all instances of the class
50
The static Keyword
Class methods
May be invoked without creating an object of its class
Can only access static members of the class
Cannot refer to this or super

static blocks
Executed only once, when the class is loaded
For initializing class variables
51
The static Keyword
1 class Demo {
2 static int a = 0;
3 static void staticMethod(int i) {
4 System.out.println(i);

5 }
6 static { //static block
7 System.out.println("static block");
8 a += 1;
9 }
10 }
11
12 //continued...
52
The static Keyword
13 class StaticDemo {
15 System.out.println(Demo.a);
16 Demo.staticMethod(5);

17 Demo d = new Demo();
18 System.out.println(d.a);
19 d.staticMethod(0);
20 Demo e = new Demo();
21 System.out.println(e.a);
22 d.a += 3;
23 System.out.println(Demo.a+", "+d.a+", "+e.a);
24 }
53
25 }
The final Keyword
Applied to variables, methods and classes
Restricts what we can do with the variables, methods and

classes

final variable
Cannot be modified once its value has been set
Example:
final int data = 10;
data++;
54
The final Keyword
final method
Cannot be overridden
Example:
final void myMethod() { //in a parent class
}

void myMethod() { //in a child class
}
final class
Cannot be inherited
Example:
final public class MyClass {}
class WrongClass extends MyClass {} 55
The final Keyword
Keyword may be placed before after other modifiers
public final static void meth() {} or
final public static void meth() {} or ...
//order of modifiers is not important

56
Inner Classes
Class declared within another class
Accessing the members of the inner class:

Need to instatiate an inner class member first

Example:
innerObj.innerMember = 5;
//innerObj is an instance of the inner class
//innerMember is a member of the inner class
57
Inner Classes
Methods of the inner class can directly access members of

the outer class
Example:
1 class Out {

2 int OutData;
3 class In {
4 void inMeth() {
5 OutData = 10;
6 }
7 }
8 }
58
Inner Classes
1 class OuterClass {
int data = 5; class InnerClass {
2
int data2 = 10; void method() {
3
4 System.out.println(data); System.out.println(data2);

5}
6
}
7
10
11 //continued...
59
10 OuterClass oc = new OuterClass();
11 InnerClass ic = oc.new InnerClass();
12 System.out.println(oc.data);
System.out.println(ic.data2);

13
14 ic.method();
15 }
16 }
60

Ch1 Oop Concepts

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Ch1 Oop Concepts

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OOP Concepts

I ntroduction to Program m ing 2

Java Program Structure

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int intArr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

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Source code format:

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8 class ColoredPoint extends Point {

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Different from method overloading!

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7 class Subclass extends Superclass {

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Access modifier for the methods need not be the same

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Classes that extends an abstract class:

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7 class Spiderman extends SuperHero {

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Members are public when the interface is declared public

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Calling superclass constructors

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Allows accessing of static or class members without

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Restricts what we can do with the variables, methods and

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