PT NEXWAVE 2012

GSM Overview
Multiple Access
Network Architecture
 GSM Overview
Multiple Access
Network Architecture
 Sistem Komunikasi Digital, menggantikan generasi pertama (1G) yang masih merupakan
Sistem Komunikasi Analog.
Pertama kali dibentuk oleh sebuah Grup Telekomunikasi Eropa bernama Groupe Spciale
Mobile.
Makin terkenalnya GSM dan penggunaan teknologi GSM yang hampir meliputi seluruh
negara di dunia menjadikan penamaan GSM menjadi Global System for Mobile
Communications.
Standarisasi teknologi GSM kemudian dikembangkan oleh sebuah grup telekomunikasi
Eropa bernama ETSI (European Telecommunications Standardization Institute).
Penggunaan pertama GSM pada band frekuensi 900MHz (sekarang 850MHz, 1800MHz,
1900MHz, dll)
Efesiensi Spektrum yang lebih baik dari 1G dengan aplikasi FDMA & TDMA
Keamanan dan kenyamanan berbicara yang lebih baik dari 1G.
Lebih tahan terhadap Interference dengan aplikasi Frequency Hopping.
Efesiensi daya tahan baterai dengan aplikasi Power Control.
Sudah menjadi family name untuk semua Sistem Telekomunikasi Selular Bergerak
termasuk 2.5G, 3G, dan 4G.
GSM Overview
Generation Features Systems
Analog
First Generation Voice only NMT, AMPS, TACS
No International roaming
Digital
Second Generation Voice and low speed data GSM900
- low speed: 9.6 kbps in GSM
Digital
Voice and medium speed data
- HSCSD, data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
2.5 Generation DCS1800, HSCD, GPRS, EDGE
- GPRS, data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
- EDGE, data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
International Roaming
Packet switched Data
IP-telephony and Multimedia (up to 1 Mbps)
Third Generation UMTS WCDMA, CDMA2000
- WCDMA, data rate: 0.348 2.0 Mbps
Global roaming
High Speed Data:
3.5 Generation - HSDPA, data rate: (average at 2Mbps) up to 7.2 Mbps HSDPA, HSUPA, EVDO
- Theoretically up to 42 Mbps
Mobile ultra-broadband Internet access
Fourth Generation LTE, UMB, WiMAX
Very high speed of data rate: 100Mbps 1Gbps
 GSM Overview

NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) England UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
TACS (Total Access Communication System) Europe, Japan, Hongkong UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband)
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) USA LTE (Long Term Evolution)
PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) Japan
PHS (Personal Handy-phone System) China
IDEN (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network) Motorola
GSM Overview
GSM Frequency Band Range
Band Downlink Uplink Channel No.
GSM 850 850 869.2 894.0 MHz 824.2 849.0 MHz 128 - 251

GSM 900 (P-GSM) 900 935 960 MHz 890 915 MHz 1 - 124

GSM 900 (E-GSM) 900 925 960 MHz 880 915 MHz 0 - 124, 975 - 1023

GSM-R (R-GSM) 900 921 925 MHz 876 880 MHz 955 - 973

GSM 1800 (DCS) 1800 1805 1880 MHz 1710 1785 MHz 512 - 885

GSM 1900 (PCS) 1900 1930 1990 MHz 1850 1910 MHz 512 - 810

WCDMA 2100 (UMTS-FDD) 2100 2110 2170 MHz 1920 1980 MHz -

WCDMA 2600 (UMTS-FDD) 2600 2500 2570 MHz 2620 2690 MHz -

DCS: Digital Cellular System

PCS: Personal Communication Services

Frequency Band: Rentang frekuensi yang diperbolehkan untuk digunakan oleh operator telekomunikasi.
Penggunaan Frequency Band diatur oleh badan telekomunikasi di masing-masing negara, contoh:
Indonesia BRTI (Badan Regulasi Telekomunikasi Indonesia)

Mengapa Frekuensi DL lebih tinggi dibandingkan Frekuensi UL?

Meski sinyal GSM melewati udara bebas (tanpa hambatan) bukan berarti tidak terjadi redaman selama
transmisi di udara. Redaman ini disebut Free Space Loss.
Semakin tinggi Frekuensi semakin besar Free Space Loss.
Karena Power Output BTS > Power Output MS, dan Sensitifitas terima BTS > Sensitifitas terima MS, maka
lebih baik untuk menempatkan frekuensi yang lebih tinggi (redaman tinggi) pada sisi BTS (DL).
GSM Overview
Cellular Frequency Band in Indonesia (2008)
GSM Overview
Cellular Frequency Band in Indonesia (2008)
 GSM Overview

Duplex Communication
Komunikasi dua arah yang
dilakukan secara simultan (tanpa
harus menunggu).

FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

Membedakan transmisi sisi
Uplink dan Downlink dengan
perbedaan Frekuensi.

TDD (Time Division Duplex)

Membedakan transmisi sisi
Uplink dan Downlink dengan
perbedaan Waktu.
 GSM Overview
Multiple Access
Network Architecture
Multiple Access 1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 4 UE 4 5 UE 5
Multiple Access , merupakan suatu metoda
yang memungkinkan bagi user untuk
Power

menggunakan media transmisi bersama-sama FDMA

dan saling membagi kapasitasnya. -Frequency
Division
1 2 3 4 5 Multiple Access-
TDMA
1G e.g. AMPS,
-Time Division
5 NMT, TACS
Multiple Access- 4
2G e.g. GSM, 3
OFDMA 2
-Orthogonal PDC
12
Frequency
Division
Multiple CDMA
Access- 5 3 -Code Division
e.g. LTE 3 1 Multiple Access-
4 5 3G e.g. UMTS,
2 CDMA2000
3 1
5
4 2 4
3
2
1
Frequency
Multiple Access (2G): FDMA
FDMA ( Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Setiap MS/BTS ditempatkan pada sebuah frekuensi untuk melakukan panggilan
atau service
Downlink 935 960 MHz

Uplink 890 915 MHz

200 KHz
890.2 890.6 Uplink
1 2 3 4 121
121 122 123 124
890 890.4 915 F (MHz)

935.2 935.6 Downlink

1 2 3 4 121
121 122 123 124
935 935.4 960 F (MHz)
GSM 900 Frequency Allocation

Masing-masing frekuensi akan dialokasikan dengan bandwith 200KHz untuk MS/BTS.

Setiap Frekuensi DL dan UL selalu berpasangan sesuai pembagian seperti di gambar.

Multiple Access (2G): TDMA
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Dalam satu frekuensi carrier, semua MS menggunakan frekuensi yang
sama tetapi dibedakan dengan pembagian waktu yang berbeda-beda, ini
disebut Time Slot.

200 KHz

121
121 122 123 124
915 F (MHz) TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7

121
121 122 123 124
960 F (MHz) 200 KHz
 1 Time Slot = 1 Burst

For Traffic Channel, TDMA Multiframe consist of 26 TDMA Frame

For Signaling and Control Channel, 1 TDMA Multiframe consist 51 TDMA Frame

Where:
Multiframe = 26/51 TDMA Frame
Superframe = 26/51 Multiframe
Hyperframe = 2028 Superframe
 Physical Channels vs. Logical Channels
Physical channel: Time slot is called the physical channel.
Logical channel: It is the content that will be sent over the
physical channel.
 GSM Overview
Multiple Access
Network Architecture
 BSS (Base Station Sub-system) consist of:

BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

- a set of equipment for transmitting and
receiving signal from MS to BTS
BSC (Base Station Controller)
- It control multiple BTS to maintain service of
2G network
PCU (Packet Control Unit)
- It processed PS traffic from user and sends
them to GPRS networks

NSS (Network Switching Sub-system) consist of:

MSC (Mobile Switching Controller)

GMSC (Gateway MSC)
HLR (Home Location Register)
VLR (Visitor Location Register)
AuC (Authentication Center)
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)

GPRS Core Network consist of:

Note:
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)
Between BSC and MSC, theres an equipment named
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)
TRAU (Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit).
This unit convert data rate from BSS network (16 kbps)
to NSS Network (64 kbps)

Interface between BSC and TRAU called Ater, and

interface between TRAU and MSC called A-interface
NSS (Network Switching Sub-system) PART

MSC (Mobile Switching Center)

is the MSC that determines which visited MSC the subscriber who is being called is currently located at.
It also interfaces with the PSTN.
GMSC (Gateway MSC)
All mobile to mobile calls (different MSC) and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a G-MSC.
HLR (Home Location Register)
is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber (SIM identifier/IMSI,
MSISDN/telephone number) that is authorized to use the GSM core network
Give location information of subscriber (LAC-CI)
VLR (Visitor Location Register)
Consist of all subscriber database at serving MSC that is needed for call handling
The data stored in the VLR has either been received from the HLR, or collected from the MS
AuC (Authentication Center)
It contains database to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect to the GSM core network
(Power ON)
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
The EIR keeps a list of mobile phones (identified by their IMEI) which are to be banned from the network
or being monitored.
Designed to allow tracking of stolen mobile phones
GPRS Core Network PART:

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node), responsible for the delivery of data packets
from and to the MS within its service area, also include packet routing and
transfer, mobility management (attach/detach and location management),
logical link management, and authentication and charging functions.

GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) , responsible for the interworking between
the GPRS network and external packet switched networks, like the Internet
networks
How GSM Network can identify Base Station and Mobile Station? By using GSM
Network Identifier!

Identifier for Network (BS):

LAI (Location Area Identity)
Identifies Location Area of network
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
MCC (Mobile Country Code)
Identifies country number, e.g. Indonesia (510), Japan (440), China (460)
MNC (Mobile Network Code)
Identifies network code at specified country, e.g. In Indonesia (TSEL: 10, ISAT: 01, XL: 11, IM3: 21,
Three: 89, Axis: 08 )
MCC+MNC that we called PLMN (operator)
LAC (Location Area Code)
Identifies specific BTS location at GSM Network
CI (Cell Identity)
Identifies cell number of BTS
CGI (Cell Global Identification)
Used to identifies BTS Network
Contains of BTS cell identity for Handover and paging purpose.
CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI
Identifier for Mobile Station:

IMEI (International Mobile Station Equipment Identity)

International serial number of Mobile Station
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
Unique identity code for every GSM subscriber.
Stored at SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card and HLR
IMSI = MMC + MNC + MSIN (Mobile Subscriber Identification
Number)
TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
Temporary identity at VLR in which MS currently camped.
Used to access subscriber database and tracking subscriber
location.
MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number)
The real telephone number of a mobile station
MSISDN = CC (Country Code) + NDC (National Destination Code)
+ SN (subscriber Number)
Country Code (e.g. Indonesia +62, UK +44, USA +1
CC + NDC (e.g. +62 8121 Telkomsel Indonesia Jakarta)
 Idle Mode
It is a condition when MS is powered ON but does not have a dedicated channel
allocated to it.
Dedicated Mode
It is a condition when MS doing a call (have a dedicated channel allocated on it).
Cell Selection
It is a process when MS doing synchronization and registration to a network for the
first time until MS can fully using service (MS Power ON or MS roams from one
network to another)
Using BCCH to synchronize frequency, time and others.
Cell Re-Selection
It is a process when MS choosing and camped to a new cell at Idle Mode.
Handover
It is a process when MS choosing and moving to a new cell on Dedicated Mode.
Paging
It is a broadcast message from a network to locate the exact location of a subscriber.
Location Update
It is a process when MS doing update database to NSS due to moving into a new
Location Area Code (LAC)
 Idle Mode
It is a condition when MS is powered ON but does not have a dedicated channel
allocated to it.
Dedicated Mode
It is a condition when MS doing a call (have a dedicated channel allocated on it).
Cell Selection
It is a process when MS doing synchronization and registration to a network for the
first time until MS can fully using service (MS Power ON or MS roams from one
network to another)
Using BCCH to synchronize frequency, time and others.
Cell Re-Selection
It is a process when MS choosing and camped to a new cell at Idle Mode.
Handover
It is a process when MS choosing and moving to a new cell on Dedicated Mode.
Paging
It is a broadcast message from a network to locate the exact location of a subscriber.
Location Update
It is a process when MS doing update database to NSS due to moving into a new
Location Area Code (LAC)
Thank You