Power and Energy Spectral Density

The power spectral density (PSD) Sx(w) for a signal

is a measure of its power distribution as a function
of frequency
It is a useful concept which allows us to determine
the bandwidth required of a transmission system
We will now present some basic results which will
be employed later on
Example
f(t)
A

t
T T d d T
T
2 2 2 2

A 1
A d /2
cn e jnw0t dt (2 j sin nw0 d / 2)
T d / 2 T jnw0
d /2 A 1
A 1 1 sin nw0 d / 2
e jnw0t T 2 nw0
T jnw0 d / 2
nd
sin
A 1
Ad T
1 jnw0 d / 2
e jnw0 d / 2
e T nd
T jnw0 jnw0
T
Example
A/5

-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120

-15w0 -10w0 -5w0 5w0 10w0 15w0

nd 1 1 d 1
sin d , T ,
cn
Ad T 20 4 T 5
T nd 2
w0 8
T T
Example

A/10

-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120

-30w0 -20w0 -10w0 10w0 20w0 30w0

nd 1 1 d 1
sin d , T ,
cn
Ad T 20 2 T 5
T nd 2
w0 4
T T
Example: The Exponential Signal

bt
Consider the signal x(t ) e u (t ), b
Its Fourier transform is given by

e
jw t
X (w ) bt
u (t )e dt

t
1
e ( b jw ) t
dt e ( b jw ) t

0
b jw
t 0
Example: The Exponential Signal Contd

If , does not exist

b 0 X (w )
If , and does not exist either in the ordinary
sense b 0 x(t ) u (t ) X (w )
If , it is
b0
1
X (w )
b jw
amplitude spectrum phase spectrum
| X (w ) |
1 w
arg( X (w )) arctan
b2 w 2 b
Example: Amplitude and Phase
Spectra of the Exponential Signal
x(t ) e 10t u (t )