THE TRACE

MINERALS

dr.Lina Nurbaiti,M.Kes,FISPH, FISCM

The Trace Minerals
O An essential mineral nutrient
found in the human body in
amounts less than 5 grams, also
known as micro minerals
 Interactions
O Excess of one may cause a deficiency of another
(a slight of manganese overload, may aggravate
iron deficiency)
O A deficiency of one may interfere with the work
of another (a selenium deficiency halts the
activation of the iodine-containing thyroid
hormones)
O A deficiency of a trace mineral may even open
the way for the contaminant mineral to cause a
toxic reaction (iron deficiency makes the body
vulnerable to lead poisoning)
 A. Iron
OBoth too little and too much in the body can be
harmful
Ferrous iron (reduced): Fe ++
Ferric iron (oxidized): Fe +++
Iron as a Cofactor to enzymes
involved in oxidation-reduction
reaction
 Functions:
O Hemoglobin formation
O The iron-containing protein in red blood
cells that carries oxygen
O Part of myoglobin
O Carries oxygen in the body
O Energy utilization
Iron Absorption
Iron Recycled in the Body
 Iron deficiency
O The Most Common Nutrient Deficiency
O Affecting 1.2 billion people
O 50% of School Children and Pregnant Women
Suffer from Iron Deficiency Anemia (Developing
Country)
O High Risk : Women in their reproductive year,
Pregnant Women, Infants and Young Children,
Teenagers
 Anemia Kurang Zat Besi

Anemia Tidak Anemia Tidak Anemia Anemia

Pucat Tidak pucat Tidak pucat Pucat
Toxicity Symptoms
OIron overload
O Infections
O Liver injury
O Acidosis
O Shock
Heme & Nonheme Iron
 Food Sources
Beef
Clams
Spinach
Green leafy veggies
Beans
Fortified grains
 RDA of Iron

O Men = Women 51+ = 8 mg/day

O Women 19-50 = 18 mg/day
O Vegetarian RDA = RDA x 1.8
O UL for Adults = 45 mg/day
O Young children, 200 mg/day = deadly
 B. Zinc
O Functions:
O Needed for protein & enzyme
function
O Immunity & wound healing
O Vitamin A transport
O Taste
O Fetal development
Enteropancreatic Circulation of Zinc
 Deficiency Symptoms
O Growth failure in children
O Loss of taste
O Poor wound healing
O Poor appetite
Dwarfism
 KELAINAN KULIT AKIBAT
KEKURANGAN SENG (Zn)

Kulit
mengelupas
Toxicity Symptoms
O Loss of appetite, impaired
immunity, low HDL, copper
and iron deficiency
 Food Sources
O Protein-containing foods:
O Meat
O Fish & shellfish
O Poultry
O Grains
O Vegetables
 RDA of Zinc

O Men = 11 mg/day
O Women = 8 mg/day
O UL for Adults = 40 mg/day
 C. Iodine
O Amount of iodine in food is reflected
in the soil
O Functions:
O Part of thyroxine, which regulates
metabolism
 Deficiency symptoms
O Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland due
to an iodine deficiency, malfunction of the
gland, or over consumption of a goitrogen.
O Cretinism: severe mental & physical retardation
of an infant caused by severe iodine deficiency
in the mother during pregnancy
Goiter
 GANGGUAN AKIBAT
KEKURANGAN YODIUM

Kretin
 Toxicity Symptoms:

O Under active thyroid gland, elevated TSH,

goiter
O RDA of Iodine :
O Adults = 150 g/day

O Adults = 1100 g/day

iu
 D. Fluoride
O Functions:
O Formation of bones & teeth
O Helps make teeth resistant to decay
O Helps make bones resistant to mineral
loss
 Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms
O Deficiency Symptoms:
O Tooth decay

O Toxicity Symptoms: (rare in humans)

O Fluorosis: discoloration of teeth
O The first symptom of excess fluoride
O Nausea
O Vomiting
O Diarrhea
 Food Sources
ODrinking water, Tea, Seafood
ORDA of Fluoride :
OMen = 3.8 mg/day
OWomen = 3.1 mg/day
OUL for Adults = 10 mg/day
 E. Copper
O Functions:
O Helps make hemoglobin
O Part of several enzymes
O Food Sources:
O Legumes
O Whole grains
O Seafood
O Nuts
 Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms
O Deficiency Symptoms: (rare in humans)
O Anemia
O Bone changes (abnormalities)
O Toxicity Symptoms:
O Nausea
O Vomiting
O Diarrhea
O Liver damage
 RDA of Copper
O Adults = 900 g/day
O UL for Adults = 10 mg/day or equal to 10,000
g/day
 F. Manganese
O Functions:
O Along with enzymes, facilitates many cell
processes
O Involved in bone formation
O Food Sources:
O Widely distributed in plant foods
 Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms
O Deficiency Symptoms:
O Poor growth
O Nervous system disorders
O Abnormal reproduction
O Toxicity Symptoms:
O Poisoning
O Nervous system disorders
 RDA of Manganese

O Men = 2.3 mg/day

O Women = 1.8 mg/day
O UL for Adults = 11 mg/day
 G. Chromium
O Functions:
O Enhances insulins action
O Required for release of energy from
glucose
O Food Sources:
O Meat (especially liver)
O Unrefined foods
O Brewers yeast
O Whole grains
 Deficiency & Toxicity Symptoms
O Deficiency symptoms:
O Abnormal glucose metabolism
(Diabetes-like condition)
O Toxicity symptoms:
O Occupational exposures damage skin &
kidneys
 RDA of Chromium

O Men = 35 g/day
O Women = 25 g/day
O UL for Adults = not yet established
 H. Selenium
O Functions:
O Protects body from oxidation (antioxidant)
O Works with vitamin E

O Food Sources:
O Seafood
O Meats
O Grains
O Vegetables (depends on soil conditions)
 Deficiency Symptoms
O Fragile red blood cells
O Cataracts
O Growth failure
O Heart damage (cardiac tissue becoming
fibrous, Keshan Disease)
 Toxicity Symptoms
ONausea, Abdominal pain, Nail & hair
changes, Liver & nerve damage
ORDA of Selenium :
OAdults = 55 g/day
OUL for Adults = 400 g/day