NAME:RUKSAR A.

SIDDIQI
TOPIC NAME:ISOLATIING
MECHANISM
SUBJECT:ZOOLOGY
CLASS:S.Y.BSC
Geographical Barriers

Shifts in the continental plates

NZ separated from the
supercontinent Gondwanaland
at a very early stage before the
evolution of mammals.
Our birds, reptiles, insects and
plants evolved without the
pressure of grazing, browsing or
predator mammals.
Geographical Barriers

As a result they did not evolve

protective adaptations to
counter the attacks of
mammals later introduced by
settlers.
The separation from
Gondwanaland prevented
gene exchange between NZ
and the vast continent.
Geographical Barriers

The only native NZ mammal is

a bat thought to have blown
over to NZ from Australia.
Barriers include
water oceans, rivers changing
course.
Desserts and canyons.
Mountain ranges.
Ecological Barriers

Populations may have

developed genetic differences
to cope with different
ecological niches or habitats.
E.g. different temperatures.
Reproductive Barriers

Under natural conditions,

sympatric populations of
different species are
prevented from mating by
isolating mechanisms. These
can be divided into 2
categories:
Prezygotic
Postzygotic
Reproductive Barriers

Premating / Prezygotic
These take effect before
fertilisation.
Habitat Differences the 2
species may never meet, e.g.
one living on the top of a tree
and the other on the ground.
One may be nocturnal and the
other diurnal.
Reproductive Barriers

Differences in Breeding Times

the species may be sexually
receptive at different times of
the year.
Mechanical Differences e.g.
the genitalia of different insect
species will not fit together so
breeding is prevented. Some
plants have flowers that can
only be pollinated by certain
insects.
Reproductive Barriers

Behaviour Patterns there are

many examples of courtship
behaviour which takes place in
a stepwise ritual, only members
of the same species have the
behaviour patterns to complete
the ritual.
e.g. in birds, the songs and
displays will seem wrong to a
different species.
Postmating Isolation

Postzygotic Isolation
These isolations prevent
successful reproduction after
fertilisation.
Hybrid Inviability a zygote is
formed but does not develop
properly.
Hybrid sterility a hybrid
forms but it is sterile
Postmating Isolation

Hybrid Breakdown the hybrid

offspring are fertile but produce
many infertile or non-viable
offspring.
Polyploidy

This is the abrupt formation of

a new species. It is an
important sympatric speciation
as it does not involve
geographical isolation.
In one generation the parent
and the offspring can belong
to a different species.
More common in plants.
Isolation by Time

A species that disappeared

one million years ago
obviously can not interbreed
with a species living today.
 Although individuals living close together
within each species can interbreed, as
distance increases, fertility decreases,
indicating increasing genetic divergence as
the habitat and climate change. These frogs
are now considered to be four different
species: 1) Rana pipiens, 2) R. blairi, 3) R.
utricularia, and 4) R. berlandieri. The mating
calls of each species differ, and defective
embryos occur between certain
combinations, indicating that both pre-mating
and post-mating isolating mechanisms exist.
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